International Human Rights Law

Introduction In the past two decades, the International Human Rights Law (IHRL) has increased its emphasis on protecting all human rights for people to live a free, secure, and healthy life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Rights Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Rehman (2010), living a dignified life can only be achieved if all basic requirements of work, housing, food, education, and political democracy are sufficiently available to every person without discrimination. This paper argues about economic, social, and cultural rights, which are intertwined with civil and political rights under the mantle of the International Human Rights Law. The underlying claim is that if economic, social, and cultural rights are not met adequately, then the civil and political rights will neither be satisfied. However, the initial emphasis should be directed to establishing the economic, socia l, and cultural rights after which the political rights are met, thus the overall connection may lead to the realisation of all human rights. This paper agrees with the view that economic, social, and cultural human rights are highly crucial, as they form the basis under which civil and political human rights develop. In addition, a violation of the former is directly associated with the violation of the later. For instance, the denial of the right to good health, which is part of the social rights, is more critical than denying the right to vote, which is a political human right. While assessing this claim, this paper will describe the two sets of human rights. It will also show why it is necessary to protect the economic, social, and cultural rights in a bid to develop sustainable civil and political rights.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper will also examine whether the two sets of human rights are fundamentally different or they are indivisible. Background Historically, the idea of human rights developed within the political philosophy of Western Europe. Early philosophers such as John Lock believed that the government had the mandate to secure fundamental human rights morally and legally and failure led to the loss of its legitimacy (Hoover 2013). The civil and political rights preceded the origins of the economic, social, and cultural rights, and thus they are deemed as second-generation rights. Though the economic, social, and cultural rights are often referred as second to civil and political rights, they have been in existence for centuries only that they were highly marginalised until the 19th Century (Simmons 2009). The roots of economic, social, and cultural rights can be traced back to early centuries during the evolution of religious traditions. These religious traditions emphasised dignity and care for humanity by sharing wi th those who cannot cater for themselves. Furthermore, national and international laws had prior recognised most of the economic, social, and cultural rights before the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 (Baderin McCorquodale 2011). For instance, countries such as Costa Rica realised the right to education for all from the 1840s. Some European nations by the late 19th Century recognised various economic, social, and cultural rights like labour rights, the right to health, and social security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Rights Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic, social, and cultural rights are viewed as individual rights including social security, conditions in the workplace, personal life, cultural life, and access to basic facilities such as education, food, safe water, housing, and health (Ishay 2010). For instance, take a case of a family that is forcefully evicted from its house or a businessperson whose work is publicly looted. In this case, the individuals are affected and their condition worsened, thus hindering public justice. On the other hand, civil and political rights involve the right to vote, right to fair trial, equality, and freedom from discrimination among others as included in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Walzer Miller 2007). For a long time, civil and political rights have attracted more attention from both legal and non-legal interpreters as more important than economic, civil, and cultural rights. The opponents argue that the economic, social, and cultural rights are second-class rights, thus unjustifiable and they can be achieved gradually over time. This argument underrates human dignity since it does not recognise the real rights, and consequently it disapproves the importance of the civil and political rights. It is unrealistic for a starving individual to enjoy voting rights and o ne loses the motivation to vote if his/her basic rights cannot be prioritised. Relevance of the economic, social, and cultural rights These rights are designed to enhance the protection of individuals as full human beings, grounded on the idea that people have to enjoy rights, freedoms, and justice.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Living in a world where the majority of countries are yet to feed and provide safe drinking water adequately and most citizens still live below the poverty line, the need to redirect focus on the actualisation of economic, social, and cultural rights is broadly manifested. However, it is inevitable to honour, secure, and fulfil the actualisation of economic, social, and cultural rights by the state machinery after which it will be possible to realise stable civil and political rights (Hrubec 2010). Every example of violation of economic, social, and cultural rights demonstrates how human dignity is substantially dented as well as the civil and political rights. For example, contaminating water by both private and state-owned facilities and illegal disconnections are violations of the right to health and water, while poor conditions at work and long working hours are a violation of worker’s rights. Failure to provide education to all irrespective of gender, race, disability, o r religion violates education rights. Paid maternity leave and protection for the unemployed population violates the right to social security. When these rights are denied under whichever conditions, the dignity of humanity is compromised (Haas 2014). Thus, the logic of embracing civil and political rights loses its basis and it can only thrive when the economic, social, and cultural rights are prioritised. Consequently, the extent to which individuals enjoy economic, social, and cultural rights is reflected in the level of awareness towards protecting civil and political rights. For instance, in the US, the level of enjoyment of economic, social, and cultural rights corresponds to the enjoyment of civil and political rights and the aggregate is relatively higher as compared to other parts of the world. This scenario plays out due to the high level of literacy, health, social security, safe drinking water, and sanitation. Therefore, citizens are well informed about the political str uctures, public involvement, and justice. Citizens are motivated to further and protect these rights because through legislators and court systems, they can enjoy the economic, social, and cultural rights. Mahon (2008, p. 620) posit that the ‘gross violation of economic, social, and cultural rights has proved to be the major cause of civil conflicts and the reluctance to address these needs undermines any chances of recovering from conflicts’. For instance, denying employment, education, and housing based on gender, culture, race, or religion has always resulted in conflicts as the affected societies seek to alter the status quo by staging revolutions. Looking at the state of affairs in most African countries, constant conflicts persist. The economy of a country like Somalia has deteriorated due to the disputed allocation of resources. The housing condition in some regions in Brazil is very poor, thus leading to increased rate of crime and forced evictions during slum r ehabilitation. When these populations are unstable and their dignity is compromised, they cannot enjoy civil and political rights even if they are put in place (Smith, Baylis, Owens 2008). If civil and political rights cannot protect the entire community, then its relevance is lost. In addition, the denial of economic, social, and cultural rights can as well hinder the enjoyment of other rights. For example, it is usually difficult for illiterate people to find employment, participate in political activity, or even share their opinions. Even those who advance the civil political rights happen to be the few fortunate individuals who are educated, have good health, and want to enhance sustainable civil and political rights by first anchoring economic, social, and cultural rights for all. Tracing back to evaluate how the Human Rights Convention of 1948 emerged, one will be in a position to figure out what aspects orchestrated the development of the Universal Declaration of Human Right s in the same year. Being human was the criterion deemed essential for the entitlement of human rights and particularly individual rights formed the central tenet upon which the debate thrived. After achieving human dignity through embracing economic, social, and cultural rights, humans are guaranteed civil and political rights. These civil and political rights should ensure that they protect and enhance the economic, social, and political rights. Even though the civil and political rights debates seem to have been highly magnified in most states, it is evident that this strategy is used to realise the economic, social, and cultural rights. Even after the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the US continued to witness discrimination in the distribution of economic and social benefits. Following this marginalisation, civil and political movements started to emerge in the 1960s to press the government to provide socioeconomic justice equitably to all. By doing so, the civil an d political rights would ensure the enhancement and protection of economic, social, and cultural rights, which had previously existed, but marginalised by the state machinery (Duran 2011). This aspect implied that people would obtain the rights to vote and make public opinions. Just as it is today, the right to vote elevated people’s ability to make decisions that affected their welfare. In most developing countries, economic, social, and cultural rights do not only enhance individual’s dignity, but at some point, they are inevitable for survival (Darraj 2010. Without elaborate provision of basic material for human beings, such as food, education, water, and health, then civil and political rights are of no essence. From this analysis, it is generalisable that human needs and survival are reflected in the realisation of economic, social, and cultural rights. For humans to function as human beings they must enjoy the basic needs and if denied they will exist in abject p overty and eventually die as it is the case in many underdeveloped and developing countries. Even though the Universal Declaration of Human Rights claims that human rights are indivisible, in practice, there is still division between the two main categories because countries have priorities such as economic stability and social wellbeing (Clapham 2007). This aspect mostly applies to the developing countries, since elaborate civil and political rights lack good grounds to thrive. The enforcement of civil and political rights requires political force and when the legitimacy of these rights is questionable, the rationale for employing such force declines. When evaluating economic, social, and cultural rights, one realises that they are nearly natural rights and their applicability may not necessarily rely on political force. For instance, if an individual is denied food and safe water, s/he will die. Moral values of care and love for one another may motivate people to provide for the l ess privileged, whereas the same is not practical in the case of civil and political rights. Since not all economic, social, and cultural rights can be achieved through religious morals, political enforcement becomes necessary to enhance their realisation. This aspect leads this discussion to the question whether economic, social, and cultural rights are different or indivisible in application. Are these rights different or indivisible? Economic, social, cultural, civil, and political rights are indiscrete, interconnected, and mutualist as defined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Charter (Echo-Hawk 2013). This standpoint is highly disputed by individuals who share the ideas borrowed from the context of the Cold War. The past indicates that the economic, social, and cultural rights were highly distinct from the civil and political rights. The western bloc during the Cold War highly focused on civil and political rights while the Eastern bloc put more focus on economic, ci vil, and cultural rights. Under this context, the differences developed, but it was evident that none of these set of rights would meet human rights needs adequately as stated by the Convention of Human Rights. Apparently, such differences have been abandoned and the initial structure of the Universal Declaration thrives. This assertion holds because civil and political rights depend on the stability of the economic, social, and cultural rights. On the other hand, political rights help in enhancing and sustaining the economic, social, and cultural rights (Butler 2007). Through education, individuals will be in a position to make informed political decisions. In addition, most political debates such as political participation like voting greatly depend on an individual’s health, levels of enlightenment, and general welfare (Freedman 2004). The proponents of the claim that civil and political rights are more important argue that economic, social, and cultural rights are vague a nd ambiguous. This assertion holds in the sense that it is often hard to highlight a violation, the perpetrator, and the intervention criterion. For instance, what entails hunger, adequate housing, or social security are mere constructions of court systems to justify decisions on whether rights have been denied (Normand Zaidi 2008). They claim that the government should not be identified as the perpetrator because the human rights law restricts dependence on welfare or state dependency. While it remains important for the individuals to show efforts, the government has to ensure fair playing grounds and facilitate the attainment of individual goals. Even though not all economic, social, and cultural rights are substantially described in human rights protocols, a similar case is reflected in the civil and political rights. In addition, the fact that economic, social, and cultural rights are more expensive to initiate as compared to civil and political rights, it is unjustified to und errate their importance based on this aspect since it is the mandate of the government to plan and invest towards realising these rights (Goodhart 2013). Furthermore, civil and political rights need structures like well-managed prisons, election funds, and active court system among others. Conclusion The significance of the economic, social, and cultural rights cannot be underestimated. Poverty, disease, illiteracy, and discrimination lead to the majority of security threats and conflicts witnessed within and beyond borders, thus compromising the enhancement and sustainability of overall human rights particularly civil and political rights. Even in the most developed countries, it has been shown that gross violations persist and many people still live under situations that contribute to the violation of economic, social, and cultural rights that in turn hinder the enjoyment of civil and political rights. Even though the Universal Declaration of Human Rights condemn the denial of fun damental human rights, there still exist well-orchestrated ways of discrimination in the practice of economic, social, and cultural rights against some individuals and groups on unrealistic and unfortunate grounds. Consequently, as individuals refrain from categorising these rights and referring to them as social, economic, political, cultural, and civil rights, it should be noted that economic, social, and cultural rights form the backbone of any other rights. However, this assertion reaffirms that economic, social, and cultural rights are significant contributors to human dignity as opposed to civil and political rights. Reference List Baderin, M McCorquodale, R 2011, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in  Action, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Butler, K 2011, A Critical Humanitarian Intervention Approach, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills. Clapham, A 2007, Human Rights: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford UP, Oxford. Darraj, S 2010, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Ch elsea House Publishers, New York. Duran, C 2011, ‘Civil society organisations contribution to the universal declaration on the human right to peace’, International Journal on World Peace, vol.28, no. 4, pp. 59-68. Echo-Hawk, W 2013, In the Light of Justice: The Rise of Human Rights in Native  America and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Fulcrum Publishing, Colorado. Freedman, R 2004, The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the  Struggle for Equal Rights, Clarion Books, New York. Goodhart, M 2013, Human Rights: Politics and Practice, Oxford UP, Oxford. Haas, M 2014, International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction,  Routledge, New York. Hoover, J 2013, ‘Rereading the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Plurality and Contestation, Not Consensus’, Journal of Human Rights, vol.4, no.12, pp. 217–241. Hrubec, M 2010, ‘The Global Struggle for Human Rights: A Dialogue among Cultures’, Persp ectives on Global Development and Technology, vol.9, no.1, pp. 39-60. Ishay, M 2010, ‘The Universal Declaration of Human Rights at 60: A Bridge to Which Future’, Perspectives on Global Development Technology, vol.9, no.1, pp. 11-17. Mahon, C 2008, ‘Progress at the Front: The Draft Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, Human Rights Law  Review, vol.8, no.4. pp. 617-646. Normand, R Zaidi, S 2008, Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of  Universal Justice, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Rehman, J 2010, International Human Rights Law, Longman/Pearson, Harlow. Simmons, B 2009, Mobilising for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic  Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Smith, S, Baylis, J Owens, P 2008, Globalisation of World Politics:  an Introduction to International Relations, Routledge, New York. Walzer, M Miller, D 2007, Thinking Politically: Essays in Political Theory, Yale University Press, New Haven. This essay on International Human Rights Law was written and submitted by user Lindsey Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Berkelium Element Facts - Atomic Number 97 or Bk

Berkelium Element Facts - Atomic Number 97 or Bk Berkelium is one of the radioactive synthetic elements made in the cyclotron at Berkeley, California and the one that honors the work of this lab by bearing its name. It was the fifth transuranium element discovered (following neptunium, plutonium, curium, and americium). Heres a collection of facts about element 97 or Bk, including its history and properties: Element Name Berkelium Atomic Number 97 Element Symbol Bk Atomic Weight 247.0703 Berkelium Discovery Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., and Albert Ghiorso produced berkelium in December, 1949 at the University of California, Berkeley (United States). The scientists bombarded americium-241 with alpha particles in a cyclotron to yield berkelium-243 and two free neutrons. Berkelium Properties Such a small quantity of this element has been produced that very little is known about its properties. Most of the available information is based on predicted properties, based on the elements location on the periodic table. It is a paramagnetic metal and has one of the lowest bulk modulus  values of the actinides. Bk3 ions are fluorescent at 652 nanometers (red) and 742 nanometers (deep red). Under ordinary conditions, berkelium metal assumes hexagonal symmetry, transforming to a face-centered cubic structure under pressure at room temperature, and an orthorhombic structure upon compression to 25 GPa. Electron Configuration [Rn] 5f9  7s2 Element Classification Berkelium is a member of the actinide element group or transuranium element series. Berkelium Name Origin Berkelium is pronounced as  BURK-lee-em. The element is named after Berkeley, California, where it was discovered. The element californium is also named for this lab. Density 13.25 g/cc Appearance Berkelium has a traditional shiny, metallic appearance. It is a soft, radioactive solid at room temperature. Melting Point The melting point of berkelium metal is  986  Ã‚ °C. This value is below that of neighbor element curium  (1340  Ã‚ °C), but higher than that of californium  (900  Ã‚ °C). Isotopes All of the isotopes of berkelium are radioactive. Berkelium-243 was the first isotope to be produced. The most stable isotope is berkelium-247, which has a half-life of 1380 years, eventually decaying into americium-243 via alpha decay. About 20 isotopes of berkelium are known. Pauling Negativity Number 1.3 First Ionizing Energy The first ionizing energy is predicted to be about 600 kJ/mol. Oxidation States The most common oxidation states of berkelium are 4 and 3. Berkelium Compounds Berkelium chloride (BkCl3) was the first Bk compound produced in sufficient quantity to be visible. The compound was synthesized in 1962 and weighed approximately 3 billionths of a gram. Other compounds which have been produced and studied using x-ray diffraction include berkelium oxychloride, berkelium fluoride (BkF3), berkelium dioxide (BkO2), and berkelium trioxide (BkO3). Berkelium Uses Since so little berkelium has ever been produced, there are no known uses of the element at this time aside from scientific research. Most of this research goes toward synthesis of heavier elements. A 22-milligram sample of berkelium was synthesized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and was used to make element 117 for the first time, by bombarding the berkelium-249 with calcium-48 ions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia. The element does not occur naturally, so additional samples must be produced in a lab. Since 1967, just over 1 gram of berkelium has been produced, in total! Berkelium Toxicity The toxicity of berkelium has not been well-studied, but its safe to assume it presents a health hazard if ingested or inhaled, due to its radioactivity. Berkelium-249 emits low-energy electrons and is reasonably safe to handle. It decays in alpha-emitting californium-249, which remains relatively safe for handling, but does result in free-radical production and self-heating of the sample. Berkelium Fast Facts Element Name: BerkeliumElement Symbol: BkAtomic Number: 97Appearance: Silvery metalElement Category: ActinideDiscovery: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1949) Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Peterson, J. R.; Fahey, J. A.; Baybarz, R. D. (1971). The crystal structures and lattice parameters of berkelium metal. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 33 (10): 3345–51. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(71)80656-5Thompson, S.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. (1950). The New Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97). Physical Review. 80 (5): 781. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.80.781Thompson, Stanley G.; Seaborg, Glenn T. (1950). Chemical Properties of Berkelium. OSTI Technical Report doi:10.2172/932812

Abolishing the Death Penalty Essay

possibility of the death penalty of the murderer. Simply because I find the â€Å"death penalty method† inhumane and ridiculous. It is as if you are punishing the murderer by murdering him. It is completely hypocritical when you are trying to â€Å"serve justice† by killing someone who killed someone else. â€Å"We kill people who kill people because killing people is wrong† (Pinterest). This quote is an exact representation of my hatred towards the death penalty. I find that abolishing the death penalty will not only†¦ Abolish the Death Penalty In the article â€Å"The Death Penalty Deserves the Death Penalty,† by Lincoln Caplan, Caplan is explaining his side on the death penalty. Caplan goes on to discuss different cases specifically Glossip V. Gross which is a case in Oklahoma with death-row inmates that are opposed to the three drug protocol chosen by the state to execute death sentences. Caplan supports his opinion with another case back in 2010, with Jeffrey Landrigan who was scheduled for execution after being†¦ Abolishing the Death Penalty From the beginning of time the world has known conflict. It is human nature to know and to have conflict. It would be a fallacy to say that conflict will ever go away. It is a natural instinct for people to pick sides on an issue and it would be a miracle, but more realistically a lie, if everyone were to pick the same side on an issue. Throughout the years there have been several topics that start an uproar amongst the people. These topics are very controversial and†¦ Code established punishment for crimes including the death penalty. The code contained 25 death penalty crimes. Murder was not one of them. The first death penalty sentence recorded occurred in Egypt during the 16th century BC. The â€Å"Draconian Code of Athens† in the 7th century BC, made every crime punishable by death. This is where the meaning of the word draconian is derived. The â€Å"Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets† codified the death penalty in the 5th century BC. Mosaic Law has an interesting†¦ abolish the death penalty in the United States or keep the punishment everyone has used for decades. In that case, we should also get rid of the internet and cell phones and go back to the pony express. Society itself is changing, why not our laws change too, because people are afraid of change that is why. We should not kill a man for his wrongdoing; we shall make him suffer in an 8x10 cell with minimum lighting for the rest of his life. According to Michael H. Reggio, the death penalty usage goes†¦ In this chapter Stephen Nathanson discusses the symbolism of abolishing the death penalty, and claims that we express a respect for each person’s rights by refraining from depriving a murder of someone’s life. The death penalty has been an argument for decades now and still discussed if someone actually does deserve the death penalty. Stephen explains his view towards this claim, and identifies how this moral problem could be resolved. There are ways you could solve this problem but resolving claims†¦ The first topic that the author present is the history of the abolitionist movement and it progresses. The author stated that the move toward abolishing the death penalty had a liberal, utilitarian, and humanistic connection. Moreover, these changes began in the Enlightenment era in Europe: Cesare Beccaria was the one that opposed toward the death penalty: He declared that it was inhumane and ineffective to use capital punishment on humans and it conflicted with moral laws. Furthermore, Cesare’s†¦ Keeping Death In 2003, a woman, Anne Rossi, whose husband, Barry Rossi, his business partner Robert Stears, and employee Lorne Stevens were brutally murdered. In 2007, a testimony was made by Anne Rossi to revise a new bill regarding the death penalty. She describes the horrific event, â€Å"All three of them were asked to lie on the dirty garage floor where they worked, they were asked to put their hands over their heads before they were all shot multiple times. All of them killed in a premeditated execution†¦ Abolishing the Death Penalty has been an enormous argument in our society. The main question that everyone debates about all throughout the world, is whether the penalty should be abolished or not. To me honestly, of course the Death Penalty should be banned from all states. I do not support it by any means, mainly because it goes against my religious beliefs. It’s not only cruel, but it also violates our human rights and is more expensive than people may think. Taxpayers spend so much money on the†¦ Abolishing the Death Penalty The use of the death penalty in the U.S.A has become a big topic in the US Government. There has been controversy over the death penalty and whether or not it is being used with justice. The death penalty is a topic that not everyone will ever agree one way or another. People need punishments for their actions but is the death penalty the right way to go. One topic the government needs to look at when talking about the death penalty is if the eight amendment is†¦

The Scarlet Letter (1995) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Scarlet Letter (1995) - Movie Review Example In it, Hawthorne describes the Puritan society and the cultural aspects defining it. In addition, he expounds on the role cultural expectations play in an individual’s life by focusing on the character Hester Prynne. Hester was a young married woman who had an affair with a local Rev. Dimmesdale when she feared her husband dead, which resulted in the birth of a child, Pearl. On her re-entry into society with her child in her arms, other society members met her with looks of disapproval. Her refusal to name her adulterous partner resulted in her future humiliation. The novel revolves around Hester’s life and her path to self-discovery after condemnation and ex-communication from the society. She strived to exhale, provide a life for her daughter and reclaim her dignity (Hawthorne 40). The Puritan society, a sect that emerged from the Protestant Christians advocated for its members to live a pure life free from sin. They shunned secular practices in their society; for example, adultery, stealing among other secular practices. However, they did not stress on some practices highly regarded by Protestant Christians; for example, mandatory attendance of church regularly. The Puritan culture defines people’s identity setting expectations for them. These expectations provide guidance on how people handle the prevailing societal issues. Hawthorne defines the Puritan society as a patriarchal society. Meaning, this society valued men more than it valued women. The society’s view of women was, therefore, discriminatory in nature especially because it ascribed two basic roles to them. They include; role of a mother and role of a wife. When playing the role of a mother, women cared for their children, nurturing them while socializing them to the Puritan culture. Moreover, when playing the role of a wife, the society expected women to remain submissive and faithful to their husbands. Societal values also expected them to procreate; providing heirs for their husbands. These heirs ensured the continuation of their family legacy. These two roles defined the society’s expectations of women and guided their behavior. Women were to remain silent unless the society needed them to speak. The irony in this is baffling (Hawthorne 70). Just like modern, contemporary, real societies, societal expectation

Evaluate one organisation's approach to sustainability measurement Essay

Evaluate one organisation's approach to sustainability measurement - Essay Example The company is the leader in the grocery markets in UK and has also established itself as the leading grocery and retail merchandiser across several parts of the world. Tesco is the fifteenth largest company among all the companies in the world and is listed in the London stock Exchange. The company is also included in the list of FTSE 100 companies in the UK market. Tesco runs its operations through the supermarket chains, departmental stores, cash and carry outlets and warehouses. Apart from the grocery items, Tesco also offers its customers with the electronic products, computer software, books, furniture, music CDs and DVDs, other items of merchandise, etc. The increase in the supermarket chain and departmental stores with the increase in retail merchandizing activities of Tesco have seen the number of stores of the company grow from 500 stores in 1990 to more than 2500 stores in the next two decades. The company employs around 5.5 lakhs employees in the areas of operation and cu stomer service. The company pays due attention to the sustainability of the leadership position that it has attained over the years. The actions of sustainability measurement have helped the company to retain its position and brand image in the market (Tesco, 2013, p.1). This has paved the path of sustainable growth of Tesco as a multinational company in the world. Environmental and social risks The direct and indirect environmental and social risks for Tesco have been explained as follows. In order to identify and analyse the environmental and social risk exposures of the company, the industry risk as well as the company specific risk should be taken into account. The retail market and industry has undergone a shift to the low demand of the consumers due to the macro-economic fluctuations and events of recession. Tesco faces the risk exposure related to the compliance and regulations for the retail market chains on activities that would lead to environmental pollution, disposal of wastes, etc. The social risks are also involved in the operations of Tesco due to probable negative impacts on the environment and society due to the disposal of wastes in the operations of the company. The social risk forms a major part of the risk exposures in the operations of Tesco as the perception of the society to the operation of the company indirectly affects the sale and revenue earnings of Tesco. The operations of Tesco lead to the perception of brand image of the company. Any impression of loss of faith among the members of the society and the consumers has significant impact in the international operations of the company (Epstein, 2008, p.46). The discrepancies in the operations of the company not only expose the company to environmental and social risk but also increase the risk of value chain system in the company. The financial risk exposures of the company originate from the volatility of the stocks in the retail industry. The volatility of the index leads to the fl uctuation of stock prices of Tesco. This would expose the company to risk of degradation of the valuation of the company. Financial risks related to the company may arise due to the discrepancy in financial reporting of the company. The deviation from the guideline in the financial reporti

Analysis of Major Characters in Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Major Characters in Great Expectations Essay Pip is the main character of this story. The whole plot of the novel revolves around him and his metamorphosis into an adult from an immature adolescent.  1. Immature: pip was highly immature. This characteristic in him can be clearly seen in pg 59 where he says but when she was gone, I looked about me for a place to hide my face in and got behind one of the gates in the brewery lane and leaned my sleeve angst the wall there, and leaned my forehead on it and cried. As I cried, I kicked the wall and took a hard twist at my hair; so bitter were my feelings so sharp were the smart without a name that needed counteraction. Pip cries so much, suddenly begins to have such a low self esteem, why? Just because a girl came and commented that he had coarse hands, wore thick boots and called the knaves Jack. Instead of standing up for himself, pip simply cries. This goes to show how immature pip was.  Pips immaturity is also seen in his romantic idealism. Ever since his first meeting with beautiful Estella, he always thought of her in page 101 he says, often after dark, when I was pulling the bellows for Joe, and we were singing Old Clem, and the thought how we used to sing at Miss Haveshams would seem to show me Estellas face in the fire, with her pretty hair fluttering in the wind and her face scorning at me. Often at such a time I would look towards those panels of black night in the wall which the wooden windows then were, and would fancy that I saw her drawing her face away and would believe that she had come at last. In spite of Estella being so insulting he instantly falls for her, rather for her loo ks. This again shows the immaturity in pip. 2. Generous and sympathetic: pip was generous and sympathetic, a fact that can be seen in his numerous acts of kindness throughout the novel. In page ___ he sympathizes with Magwitch and helps him escape. A small boy going out of his way to help a wretched convict! This goes to show how sympathetic pip was.  Not just sympathetic, pip was large at heart. He was generous. This can be witnessed in page _____ where he secretly buys Herberts way into business. The third example to show that pip was generous is in page 137where he says, as I passed the church I felt a sublime compassion for the poor creatures who were destined to go there, Sunday after Sunday, all their lives thru and to lie obscurely at last among the low green mounds. I promised myself that I would do something for them one of these days and formed a plan in outline for bestowing a dinner of roast beef and plum pudding, a pint of ale and a gallon of condescension upon everybody in the village. 3. Had a great desire for self-improvement: pip always wanted to better himself, better his condition and better his status. This trait in him can be witnessed in page 66 where he tells Joe, and that there had been a beautiful young lady at miss Haveshams who was dreadfully proud and that she had said I was common, and that I wished I was not common, and that the lies had come of it somehow, though I didnt know how. Moreover his deep desire to improve in life, to be Uncommon is also seen in page 68 where he goes to one of his relatives, Biddy to get educated from her. He says, when I woke up the best step I could take towards making myself uncommon was to get out of Biddy everything she knew.  In page 164 he asks Herbert to correct his mannerisms if he found them un-gentlemanly. He says, I further mentioned that as I had been brought up a blacksmith in a country place, and knew very little of the ways of politeness, I would take it is a great kindness in him i.e. Herbert if he would give me a hint when ever he saw me going at a loss or going wrong.

Dr. Martin Luther King Essay -- essays research papers

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With his constant pursuit for civil rights, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped bridge the gap between races during the 1960Õs. (It was) His unique approach of using nonviolent protests (to) helped create an awareness of the inequalities the African Americans had to endure during this time period. In 1963, King went to Birmingham, Alabama to engage in a nonviolent protest (there), yet before he could perform the (protest à  use synonym such as rally or something) he was arrested. While King was in the prison he wrote Letter from a Birmingham Prison. By reading this letter one can easily see that aside from being ahehe civil rights crusader, King was also an incredibly intelligent and articulate man. In the letter he brought up each issue he felt needed to be addressed and used solid evidence to defend his case on every issue. Even though the letter contains many different strong points, his two strongest arguments he makes are explaining why he was in Birmingh am and the defending of his Ã’untimelyÓ actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (change sentence doesnÕt flow)The first issue King addresses is the claim he was nothing more than an Ã’outside agitatorÓ. He says that he can not be considered an outsider anywhere within the boundaries of the America. Moreover, He explains that he had a business tie in Alabama and had promised them he would 1 engage in a nonviolent protest. He feels that a injustice anywhere is... Dr. Martin Luther King Essay -- essays research papers Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With his constant pursuit for civil rights, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped bridge the gap between races during the 1960Õs. (It was) His unique approach of using nonviolent protests (to) helped create an awareness of the inequalities the African Americans had to endure during this time period. In 1963, King went to Birmingham, Alabama to engage in a nonviolent protest (there), yet before he could perform the (protest à  use synonym such as rally or something) he was arrested. While King was in the prison he wrote Letter from a Birmingham Prison. By reading this letter one can easily see that aside from being ahehe civil rights crusader, King was also an incredibly intelligent and articulate man. In the letter he brought up each issue he felt needed to be addressed and used solid evidence to defend his case on every issue. Even though the letter contains many different strong points, his two strongest arguments he makes are explaining why he was in Birmingh am and the defending of his Ã’untimelyÓ actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (change sentence doesnÕt flow)The first issue King addresses is the claim he was nothing more than an Ã’outside agitatorÓ. He says that he can not be considered an outsider anywhere within the boundaries of the America. Moreover, He explains that he had a business tie in Alabama and had promised them he would 1 engage in a nonviolent protest. He feels that a injustice anywhere is...

Human growth and development-Conception to Birth Essay

Conception This is the very first stage of the making of a human baby which is known as conception. This is when the sex cell or (gamete) from the males sperm and a gamete from the woman’s ovum or egg cell join to form the embryo.Conception can only occur during ovulation, which happens about the middle of the month between menstrual periods. The human baby’s life begins as a single cell which is formed when the sperm and egg cell join and the egg becomes fertilised, creating life. The fertilised egg (zygote) divides into two and continues to do so rapidly, at this stage some cells form the embryo and some of the placenta. These cells now resemble a mulberry, are called morulla and take about 4 days to travel along the fallopian tube and into the uterus. This point it is called a blastocyst. The blastocyst now gets attached to the uterus wall by tiny projections called villi. Once it attached to the uterus it connects to the blood stream, so it is able to absorb oxygen and essential nutrients for fast growth. Around 10 to 14 days after conception the baby is called an embryo. After conception and the embryo is formed development of it begins into a full term foetus. The 3 stages of development are known as trimesters. First trimester ‘Week 3(embryonic stage) – first period missed. Foundation of the brain and nervous system is laid down Amnion sac is formed around the embryo, which floats in a liquid (the amniotic fluid). The placenta is formed, which lies against the uterus wall and acts as the liver, lungs and kidneys for the embryo and the foetus. The placenta is connected to the embryo’s circulatory system by the umbilical cord. Nutrients pass through to the embryo and digestive waste products and CO2 pass from the baby to the mother.’(Btec national early years, Penny tassoni) Week 4 – the neural tube closes( if this does not close spina bifida occurs)The embryo is around 6.4mm in length Week 5 – the baby’s heart be can be detected and the embryo is now the same size as a small seed. Week 8 – the embryo is about 8mm long, and has developed the startle reflex. The formation of the eyes, ears, organs and limb buds is at a rudimentary stage. Foetal stage (week 12) – the baby is now called a foetus and all its body parts have grown they just need to be refined. The foetus can swallow, roll, somersault and has also developed the sucking reflex. The foetus organs are functioning it measures about 7.5cm and has downy hair and fingernails. Second trimester Week 15 – the foetus hears its first sounds Week 16- the genitals of the foetus have formed. From this stage the sex of the baby can be determined all though difficult. A greasy wax substance covers the baby’s skin, this is called vernix. Week 20- the baby weighs around 460g and babies born at this stage have a very low chance of survival. Week 22- baby can dream and feel emotions. It develops reflex to root and grasp, their bones harden and their body grows. Week 24- if born at this stage has a reasonable chance of survival with intensive care as lungs are not yet fully developed. The eyes open for the first time. Week 27- is very active e.g. kicking and moving around, and weighs around 500g and is 33cms long. Third trimester Weeks 28-32- the foetus rapidly grows to about 1700g and is about 35cm long. Developing brain able to process information more and respond to it, like recognising voices especially the mothers. Starts to develop waking and sleeping rhythm. Weeks 33-36 – foetus continues to grow and gains bout 280g a week! Brain develops rapidly and head grows more to allow this. Fine hair covering body disappears. The foetus can now swallow, make breathing movements and urinate. Glycogen forms in liver for energy during birth and soon afterwards. Also the head engages in the pelvis for 1st pregnancies otherwise may not be until labour. Weeks 37-40- amount of amniotic fluid reduces and foetus grows to fill amniotic sac. Foetus is about 3kg and its head is lying down. Birth may take place between weeks 38 and 42. Now that the baby is born, some dramatic changes will take place in all areas of their growth and development, during its first year of life. Below is a month by month guide to how babies grow and develop up until the age of 1 year. 0-1 months- babies express emotion mainly by crying, grimacing, or displaying a bright and alert face. Babies are very open to learning at around 3 to 6 weeks they develop different crying sounds for different needs e.g. hunger. Babies have reflexes which help them to survive and as they start to fade their movements become more deliberate and controlled. E.g. the walking reflex disappears after the first few weeks and they learn to walk at around 12 months. It is important to interact with babies as they gain a lot from it, especially with their family or carers. 1 month- most babies lift their heads, respond to sounds, and stare at faces. Some babies may also be able to; follow objects, ohh and ahh, and can see black and white patterns. Their arms are very active and constantly moving although they do not have much control over them. At this age babies start to recognise their carers face and voice and they become settled if they hear, smell, feel or see their parent or carer. Between now and 2 months of age babies communicate by cooing and use of gestures, this shows their skill to â€Å"take turns† in conversation. 2 months – at this age babies are on their way to realising that they and their carer are separate beings. Babies can hold up head for short periods and they will also follow objects. Babies show a variety of emotions (e.g. hunger) via their facial expressions, arm, leg and finger movements. 3 months- Babies can hold their head up and may roll over when placed on tummy and they will also begin to wave and kick their arms as their muscles are strengthening. Babies will watch their own hands, will press them together and clasp hands together in finger play. They begin to eat and sleep more regularly, respond to voices, smile at faces become more alert and look around for longer, cry and vocalize more. 4 months- at this age babies can hold their head up and put weight on their legs as muscles strengthen. Around now babies develop vowel sounds and then their first consonants sounds are heard, which are learnt through self exploration (this is also know as babbling and usually occurs when babies are alone). Babies at 4 months begin to develop their self image which helps them over the coming months discover the kind of person they are as well as what they can do. 5 months- babies can distinguish between bold colours, roll over, and amuse themselves by playing with hands and feet. They enjoy listening to music, looking at speaker’s lips and mouth to show that they enjoy listening to speech. Babies will show a clear preference for a loved one. Their primitive squeeze appears but their hand movement is uncontrolled therefore finds it difficult to let go of objects. Also they enjoy practising dropping and throwing e.g. toys. 6 months- up until now babies gain an average of 0.5oz (14.2g) to 1oz (28.4g) every day! The babies coo and smiling now proceeds to babbling and chuckling. Between now and 10 months babies will babble (add on consonants and make strings of sound e.g. dah dah dah). Babies’ opportunity to play increases, especially when encouraged by an interested adult. Encouragement to interact and play promotes positive self image. By now most babies have learned all the basic and distinct sounds of their native language. Babies of this age will also: reach out for things and grasp them, sleep in a favourite position, get their first teeth, laugh and squeal, shows pleasure and displeasure through sounds, looks carefully at things they see, recognises carer best may be afraid of others. 7 months- they can sit without support, reach for objects with a sweeping motion and imitate speech sounds. Babies of this age are aware of their emotions or feelings and start to realise that others have emotional responses linked to their interactions; they also begin to develop their understanding that they exist separate to others. 8 months- babies of this age can say â€Å"dada† and â€Å"mama† to both parents (they aren’t specific), begin to crawl and pass objects from hand to hand. Words begin to have some meaning and they form a clear image that those around them are important. 9 months- babies learn hand eye co-ordination to pick up small objects. They handle objects with enthusiasm e.g. passing from one hand to the other. Develops early pincer grip. Babies of this age should be able to combine syllables into word like sounds, stand while holding onto something, sit unsupported for up to a minute, imitate sounds, watch others, feed self, hold bottle, be shy with strangers, smile at own face, and respond to own name. Babies communication becomes increasingly intentional, they may show object as a way to communicate which paves the way for pointing. They begin to understand familiar names of people and objects, and babbling is in longer strings (â€Å"bababa mamama†) 10 months- babies begin to respond to simple commands such as â€Å"up you come†. They are able to wave goodbye, pick things up with developed pincer grasp, crawl well, and cruise. Babies of this age can tell the difference between their own regional accent and foreign ones, and understands her name. 11 months- can say â€Å"dada† and â€Å"mama† to the right parent (is specific), plays patty-cake, stands alone for a couple of seconds, can climb upstairs, can scribble with crayons. At this age babies will begin to speak in â€Å"gibberish† while making a few clear sounds. It is at this age that social skills advance. Imitation also starts, where they love to copy but they learn through doing so. 12 months- at this age babies become more capable of doing things themselves, being independent and more open to things around them. They pick up small objects e.g. crumbs with a confident pincer grip; they use both hands freely but may show preference for one. Children are now aware of themselves as people in their own right. Sometimes this is shown in negative ways of strong will e.g. throwing a tantrum to get required attention. Their first words are linked to familiar things e.g. ‘daddy’, ‘car’. Babies will begin to imitate others activities, jabber word like sounds, indicate wants with gestures. The birth weight will have tripled by this age, and most will have grown a total of around 10 inches in length since birth. Most babies are able to: sit steady for 10 minutes, pull self to a standing position, crawl on hands and knees, understand â€Å"no no†, says two words, become more confident with strangers, show emotions e.g. affection, likes to be with adults, cooperates in dressing, and turns pages in books. First single words are spoken in a child’s version e.g. â€Å"du† for duck. Will understand names of people and objects in a normal context. Will begin to shake head for â€Å"no† and try to â€Å"sing† to music.

Eras of Policing

There are three specific periods of policing that the 19th and 20th centuries embraced: political era, reform era, and community era. During the political era (1840s-1930s) the functions of law enforcement were controlled by the local politicians. This era was characterized by five points–authority was coming only from politicians and the law, it was a very broad social service function, the organizational design was decentralized, law enforcement had a very intimate relationship with the community, and there was an increased usage of foot patrol.Authority from politicians posed a problem during this time. Since most of the power was given to politicians the selection of good law enforcement was not a priority. During this era law enforcement wore no type of uniform which made it difficult for citizens to recognize an officer when one was needed. The reform era (1930s-1980s) was the second era in law enforcement. The characteristics of this era recognized the authority coming from the law and professionalism.Crime control became the primary function which made for a more centralized, efficient organization. It also provided the community with a more professional agency that used preventive patrol measures and a more rapid response to crime. During this time a managed hierarchical pyramid of control was established for police officers. When specific problems rose law enforcement created special units to take care of these issues instead of using patrol officers. The third era of law enforcement is the community era (1980s-present).This era is characterized by the authority coming from the support of the community, law, and professionalism. A broad range of services provided a better hold on crime control in the community. Having a decentralized organization gave more authority to patrol officers and let them become more intimate with their community relationships. This era also increased the use of foot patrols and an increased knowledge of problem-solvin g. Law enforcement became more concerned over citizen satisfaction.

Free Essays on Hair

Response to Hair I think Marcia Aldrich’s essay â€Å"Hair† is an interesting interpretation of the different personalities she encounters in her life. She bases her story around her mother’s obsession with her hairstyle. She makes sure to point out that her mother’s weekly appointment to get her hair done is a ritual. I think this is a good representation of the life her mother leads. Maybe since she got married she feels like she doesn’t have control over much anymore and has taken a more submissive position as â€Å"wife.† Therefore she feels that she needs to control the things she can have control over. That’s why she religiously does her own hair and also feels the need to control Marcia’s hair. The oldest sister seems like she is very laid back. She makes the statement, â€Å"it’s immature to never stop thinking about your hair.† I think this is a good indication that her sister feels comfortable with herself and doesn’t worry about looks or needing to have control in her life. It’s ironic because she makes this statement towards her mother. Perhaps this shows the change in women’s attitudes and roles over time. The middle sister shows a less secure side than that of her older sister. She is constantly changing her look. Maybe this is because she was the middle child and she feels like it will help her get more attention and standout from the other two. Marcia is the one who seems to stick out the most of all the women. She never really takes a stand on how she feels about hairstyles. Therefore it is interesting to see how she reacts to the different positions her sisters and mother take on the issue. It isn’t until the end when she meets Rhonda that you see her start to realize that hair doesn’t make the person. You will always be the same person no matter what your hairstyle looks like and I think this is a good point to end the essay with.... Free Essays on Hair Free Essays on Hair Response to Hair I think Marcia Aldrich’s essay â€Å"Hair† is an interesting interpretation of the different personalities she encounters in her life. She bases her story around her mother’s obsession with her hairstyle. She makes sure to point out that her mother’s weekly appointment to get her hair done is a ritual. I think this is a good representation of the life her mother leads. Maybe since she got married she feels like she doesn’t have control over much anymore and has taken a more submissive position as â€Å"wife.† Therefore she feels that she needs to control the things she can have control over. That’s why she religiously does her own hair and also feels the need to control Marcia’s hair. The oldest sister seems like she is very laid back. She makes the statement, â€Å"it’s immature to never stop thinking about your hair.† I think this is a good indication that her sister feels comfortable with herself and doesn’t worry about looks or needing to have control in her life. It’s ironic because she makes this statement towards her mother. Perhaps this shows the change in women’s attitudes and roles over time. The middle sister shows a less secure side than that of her older sister. She is constantly changing her look. Maybe this is because she was the middle child and she feels like it will help her get more attention and standout from the other two. Marcia is the one who seems to stick out the most of all the women. She never really takes a stand on how she feels about hairstyles. Therefore it is interesting to see how she reacts to the different positions her sisters and mother take on the issue. It isn’t until the end when she meets Rhonda that you see her start to realize that hair doesn’t make the person. You will always be the same person no matter what your hairstyle looks like and I think this is a good point to end the essay with....

Sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Sovereignty - Essay Example se to examine if one is paying attention in issues like the altering nature of limitations and the potential of constructing following communities further than sovereignty (Waltz, 2003, pp. 10-12). This research focused on this truth that certainly; it is hard to believe that anybody ever asserted the "statecentric" sight of international politics that is today so intentionally rejected by those who look for to emphasize the role of "the novel international actors (Paul Piccone, 2001, 174-184)." What was extensively asserted concerning European international family members from the time of Vattel in the mid-eighteenth century awaiting the finish of the First World War was the lawful fiction of a political cosmos that consisted of states unaccompanied, the policy that only states had human rights and duties in international law. Both following leaders and academics often maintain outstanding times. But what does it mean to converse of outstanding politics in international relations? In one intelligence exceptionality is a evocative category referring to a fundamental alter in the systemic circumstances of international politics. Furthermore, inside this piece of writing a different idea of exemption is examined. It refers to an exacting method of conceptualizing the natural world of international following order (Jens Bartelson, 2003, pp. 209-227). Therefore, the exemption defines political arrange by income of constitutional-legal way of thinking in which dissimilar understandings of the natural world and rank of international law and its following transgressions explain competing visions of international following order. The focal tip of this international politics of exemption is not the customary distinction flanked by liberal and practical human being views of international politics but the constitutio nalist harmony of normativism, decisionism, and institutionalism. In one sense the notion of exception is a evocative group referring to a fundamental change

Basic elements in behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Basic elements in behavior - Essay Example Neurons are regarded as the fundamental elements of human behavior. Neurons or nerve cells are the basic elements of the nervous system (Feldman, 55). The basic structure of neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus in the center that controls the entire nerve cell; About one trillion neurons are held together by glial cells present within each cell; these are also responsible for nourishing the neurons. At one end, a neuron has fiber like structures called the dendrites and at the other end it has a long tube like structure called axon with a small bulb like ending called terminal buttons. The former function as receptors of messages and the latter is responsible for transmitting the messages to dendrites of the next neuron. The entire neuron is insulated with specialized fat and protein cells called the myelin sheath. Neurons are capable of communicating with other cells and transmitting information across very long distances. The length of dendrites and axons also vary from fe w millimeters to 3 feet (Feldman, 2008). With this simple structure, neurons play complex roles in the human body and help in functioning of the brain; in turn they control the functioning of human body to internal as well as external stimuli. The basic process involves transmission of electrical messages from one neuron to the next until the message reaches the target organ. This transmission happens in the form of synapse, which is the signal transmitted through neurotransmitters, chemical substances discharged by the terminal buttons of axons. Sometimes signals may be transmitted even without the neurotransmitters required to bridge the gap. These neurotransmitters interact with the dendrites, thereby activating or constraining the subsequent neurons; this process is referred to as firing or graded potential (Wittig, 2000). Although more than 50 types of neurotransmitters have been found, some of the important ones include endorphins responsible for pain