Sudden Decline of China - 798 Words

SUDDEN DECLINE OF CHINA ´S GROWTH After Second World War, the communist party started the installation of a planned economy in China, led by Mao Zedong. In order to transform rapidly the country from an agrarian economy to a communist society through fast industrialization and collectivization of the lands, the communist party led an economical and social campaign from 1958 to 1961 called the Great Leap Forward. The collectivization and prohibition of private farming led to The Great Chinese Famine which killed more than thirty million Chinese from starvation, but also from persecution of the party against those who weren ´t abiding by the rules and also 1 to 3 million people committed suicide. The Great Leap Forward has met economic†¦show more content†¦At the end of this first stage most of industries still remained state-owned. The second stage happened in the late 80 ´s and the early 90 ´s, Xiaoping continued policies beyond the initial reforms. The government control over businesses decreased more and more and some small scale privatization of state enterprises becoming unviable started to happen. Internally, the government power was decentralized to local leader, left free to experience newer way to stimulate economic growth and take in charge the privatization of the state sector. In 1989, Xiaoping opened the Shanghai Stock Exchange again 40 years after Mao ´s shut down. After 1992, the privatization of the state owned industries took a faster pace and the private sector surpassed the public one in terms of GPD. The private sector which was considered as a â€Å"complement† is now considered as an â€Å"important component† of the Socialist Market Economy. The country is liberalized with important decrease of protectionist policies, regulations and the lifting of price controls. State owned monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained. Although the economy grew quickly during this period, the country has been experiencing many losses because of an inefficient state owned sector that had to be compensated with state revenues. Corruption and inflation led to discontents and the pressure of conservative elder prevented from major reforms that wouldShow MoreRelatedAmericas Oh Sh*T Moment by Niall Ferguson Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagesis at risk for an imminent collapse, and how they can stop it. He proves this sudden collapsing of a civilization by giving many examples of civilizations that have collapsed in the past, such as, Machu Picchu; the lost city of the Incas, the Roman Empire, Ming Dynasty’s rule in China, the Soviet Union, North Africa and the Middle East. All civilizations share similar characteristics that eventually led to their sudden downfall. For example, they all once had strong social systems supporting theirRead More2. Should China Revalue the Yuan Against the Dollar? 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The Avengers Disney’s Recipe for a Blockbuster Success Free Essays

The Avengers â€Å"There was an idea called the avengers initiative, the idea was to bring together a group of remarkable people, see if they could become something more, see if they could work together when we needed them to. To fight the battles that we never could. † and â€Å"Until such time as the world ends, we will act as if it intends to spin on. We will write a custom essay sample on The Avengers: Disney’s Recipe for a Blockbuster Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"The tesseract has awakened† bringing forth the forefront for the action/superhero genre in the form of Disney’s The Avengers written and directed by Joss Whedon. With planning years in the making, The Avengers needed a star-studded line-up and it far exceeded expectations with selections. Samuel L Jackson as Nick Fury, the leader of Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division, better known as S. H. I. E. L. D. recruits the powerful, well known actors ;amp; comic book characters both on screen and off screen in Captain America (Chris Evans), Thor (Chris Hemsworth), Bruce Banner/The Incredible Hulk (Mark Ruffalo), Black Widow (Scarlett Johansson), and the â€Å"volatile, self-obsessed, doesn’t play well with others† Tony Stark/Ironman (Robert Downey Jr). Throw in Gwyneth Paltrow, Cobie Smulders, Jeremy Renner and Tom Hiddlestone and all you will need is a plot, script and some visuals to be guaranteed a success. Having a meticulously developed script disables viewers from allowing attention to drift away for even a moment in fear of missing one of the witty one-liners or references to a greater idea The Avengers empowers. â€Å"An ant has no corral with a boot. † Not to mention, the plot will disable washroom breaks as you will be immersed in the super heroic battles constantly taking place from the first minute to the last, you will forget you ever had to go to begin with. If still teetering to give The Avengers a go a budget of $220 million, mostly spent on visuals such as costumes, sound and special effects should be enough to aesthetically please the eyes enough into going. From pin-point accuracy in detail in costumes, to loud booming, breathtaking explosives during battle sequences, The Avengers could easily be the best thing your eyes have ever seen. No matter who you are or what Earth you are from, I would bet my bottom dollar that you cannot watch The Avengers and walk away unsatisfied. With a star studded cast, a meticulous script and plot, and jaw-dropping visuals Disney has created a recipe for blockbuster success certain to burn out many DVD players in households worldwide. How to cite The Avengers: Disney’s Recipe for a Blockbuster Success, Papers

Dissertation Examples Absenteeism And Employee Turnover In Hospitalit

Declaration I declare that all the work submitted for this assignment is my own work or , in the case of the group work, the work myself and other members of the group in which I worked, and that no part of it is copied from any source. Afraid of Drafting Lengthy Dissertation Papers? Submit a Remarkable Dissertation Paper by Availing Dissertation Help from Our Experts. I understand that if nay part of the work submitted for this assignment is found plagiarized, none of the word submitted will be counted towards the assessment of the assignment. Signature: Date: Acknowledgement This research study has enriched the knowledge about the current prevailing problem of the companies. But the research would not have been possible without the help and support of certain people. Firstly I would like to thank my supervisor for giving me an opportunity to conduct a research work. Then I would like to thank the mangers and the employees of the different organizations who have helped me by giving the interview and their views about the current problem. I am also grateful to my friends for the help and the support they have provided in the process of data collection. The project would not have been completed without the help and the support of the above mentioned people. Thanking you Yours sincerely Contents Task 1 1. Research project outline 1.2. Factors that contribute to the selection of the project 5 1.3 Critical review of key references (M1) 6 1.4. Research project specification 6 1.5 Appropriate plan structure for the research work (D1) 7 Task 2 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Research objective 2.3. Research design(M2) 2.4 Research Methodology (D2) 2.4.1 Data collection methods 2.4.2 Research methods 2.4.3 Sampling technique 2.6 Data analysis (M3) 2.7 Findings of the study 172.8 Recommendations and conclusions (D3) 1. Task 1 1. 1. Research project outline Management of the human labor is the main task of any organization. The employees are the backbone of a company hence the, main concern of the company should be to increase the level of job satisfaction in the organization. In the present scenario it is noticed that the major problem faced by the industries is the high employee turnover rate and absenteeism. The employers are unable to understand the logical reasons behind this situation (Lodico and Spaulding, 2010). The researcher in this context had taken the option of considering various topics relating to the human resource management like the employee satisfaction study, effective recruitment and selection process, the overall human resource management etc. but the most relevant topic in this scenario was to evaluate the reasons being the high employee turnover and absenteeism. The researcher for this purpose considered the hospitality industry to analyze the present situation. It is seen that the employee in the hospitality ind ustry tend to change their jobs very frequently (Kimungu and Maringa, 2010). There is no job consistency in this respect hence it is important to conduct a detail analysis to ascertain the key problems in this context. 1.2. Factors that contribute to the selection of the project Both the factors - the employee turnover and the absenteeism equally affects the smooth working conditions of the organization. Alan et al. (2009) said that absenteeism may be defined as the rate of absence from the organization. This is a critical factor which will hamper the growth of the organization. If the employee doesnt follow the norms and regulations thus set by the organization then it would create a hindrance in the internal environment of the organization. Again when the problem of employee turnover is considered it is seen that if a company loses its employees very frequently then it will create a bad image for the company in the market. Hence employee retention is the most important factor in an organization. This project is undertaken so as to identify the probable problems which the employees face in an organization and also to analysis the satisfaction level of the employees in the company (Cameron, 2009). 1.3 Critical review of key references (M1) Topic Name of the author Name of the book / journal Critical evaluation Employee turnover Kimungu, S.I. International Research Symposium in Service Management From this source the researcher could get information about the reasons behind employee turnover Research methodology Cooper, D. Business Research Methods This source gave information about the types of research techniques and methods to be used Hospitality industry Alan, S.Z.R. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality Culinary Arts This source gave the information regarding the employability issues of hospitability sector. 1.4. Research project specification The scope of this research is limited because the researcher has selected only one problem from the whole human resource management to ascertain the possibilities of the problem. To analyze the project the researcher will collect a sample data in form of both primary and secondary data and then with the help of the proposed methods and sampling techniques the researcher will analyze the data. Then finally the researcher will arrive at certain conclusions and can provide certain recommendations to the employers. The Gantt chart here shows the approximate duration that would be taken by the researcher to complete the different stages of the research project. The researcher will take at least two weeks to get a complete knowledge about the topic from the journals and the books. And the data collection and evaluation will take at least five weeks to complete. The final project will this get completed within the 6th week. 2. Task 2 2.1. Introduction Absenteeism is referred as the continuous absence of the employee from the general work schedule (Toloie-Eshlaghy,2011). The employers of the hospitability industry have reported that there are no valid reasons on the part of the employees for absenteeism. The reports say that the casual attitude of the employees towards their job is the reason for the growing rate of absenteeism. Another factor which is seen in the hospitality industries are the high employee turnover. Magilvy and Thomas (2009) defines in simple may be defined as the rate at which the company gains and looses employee every year. The study here aimed at shading light upon the problems which the employees face regarding their job retention. The researcher made the project from the view point of the employee because in most of the cases it is seen that the employees are not satisfied and they leave the job rather than employer firing the employee. 2.2. Research objective To analyze the reason behind the high rates of absenteeism among the employees in different hotels To analyze the high rate of employee turnover in the hotel industry To ascertain the losses which the company has to suffer due to absenteeism and high turnover To identify the alternate solutions to the problem of absenteeism and employee turnover 2.3. Research design(M2) The research design signifies the type of research that the researcher is willing to conduct. There are three types of research designs namely the exploratory research, the descriptive research and the experimental research ( Ohly and Fritz ,2010) . The exploratory research is adopted in case if the research objective is not certain if the researcher has a vague idea about what the research should be about. Where as in case of the descriptive research the researcher will have identified the objectives and aims clearly. Crouch and Pearce (2012) states that the experimental design is concerned with the testing of a statement making a relation between the dependent and the independent variables. The researcher here has already identified the objectives of the researcher hence the design chosen is the descriptive design (Lancaster, 2012). 2.4 Research Methodology (D2) 2.4.1 Data collection methods The researcher for the convenience of the study collected primary data by taking the interviews of the hotel mangers and the employees (https://www.hear.ac.uk 2014). For the secondary data collected in formations from the academic journals and books and websites. The primary data were collected by the researcher by taking the interviews through the process of questionnaire. For the secondary data the researcher not only visited the companys but also studied the whole scenario of the hospitality industry in the context of the topic form the published journals and the books of other renowned authors (Harrison and Reilly, 2011) . 2.4.2 Research methods The researcher for the purpose of a clear analysis has adopted both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. The quantitative technique is used to ascertain the rates of absenteeism and the rates of employment turnover (Sean, 2011). The statistical tools are used to determine the loss incurred by the companies for these two factors. The qualitative techniques are used on the other hand to record the problems of the employees, the views of the managers as to what precautions can be taken in this respect. 2.4.3 Sampling technique Kolsaker and Drakatos ( 2009) says that the sampling technique in case of a research projects are generally of two types namely the probability sampling and the non probability sampling. The probability sampling is the process of selecting the respondents randomly. That is the selection of the respondents is not based on any specific criteria. The only fact that the researcher should maintain is that the respondents should be selected from the total sample population. The non probability sampling is the technique where the researcher selects the respondents based on some judgment (Cooper and Schindler,2010). Here the researcher will take the non probability sampling technique to choose the respondents. This is because the researcher will get a clear view of the situation from the employees and the mangers of the hotel industry. Among the different services provide by the hospitality industry the researcher has selected to interview the employees of the hotel industry. And the non pro bability technique is used in case of the mangers (Crowther and Lancaster, 2012). 2.4.4 Questionnaire justification The researcher in this study has conducted the research with the help of some questionnaires which included both qualitative and quantitative questions. The questionnaire thus contains the questions relevant to the topic of the research. The researcher included the questions like what can be the reasons behind the dissatisfaction of the employees in respect of their jobs. The researcher also tried to incorporate the questions to the mangers about the rate of loss that they suffer due to the high rates of employee turnover and absenteeism. The researcher also wanted to analyze the solutions to the persisting problems and hence he introduced the question to the mangers about the steps that can be taken by the organization to avoid this (Brannen,2009). The employees in this respect were asked to give their views about the improvements that the employers should bring about in their system. 2.5 Field survey Personal details: Name of the organisation: _________________________ Name of the employee : _________ Age : ____ Sex : _____ Designation : ________ Department : _________________ Questionnaire for the employees What were your expectations when you decided to join the organization? What are the problems you are facing or you faced in the past in your job? What would you like to change about the organization? Questionnaire for the employers What are the probable reasons behind the high rate of absenteeism and employee turnover? What steps can you take to prevent this problem? 2.6 Data analysis (M3) This part includes the analysis of the primary data thus collected by the researcher. The researchers by using the different techniques of analysis tried to analyze the data thus collected and tried to clarify the problems relating to the research process. For the purpose of the analysis the researcher here has taken a total sample size of 30 people including the mangers as well as the employees. The researcher took the interview of 25 employees and 5 managers for the ease of analysis. Analysis of the answers given by the employees Q1. What were your expectations when you first joined the organization? Factors of expectations Responses Salary and benefits 40% Psychological satisfaction 22% Creative work 10% Job security 14% Efficient working hours 14% Table 1: Expectations of the employees Interpretation When asked about the expectations of the employees different answers were received. The researcher combined all the factors into five collective subheadings. The above figure depicts the percentage of each factor that the employees expected before joining the organization majority of the respondents are pf the opinion that they expected the basic factors like the salary, incentives, bonuses, perquisites to be good and sufficient. 22% of the employees are of the opinion that they expected to get good behavior from the employer, respect from the other employees irrespective of the position and cordial relationships with the other employees present in the organization. Job security as well as good working hours was expected by only 14% employees. And rest 10% expected that the job would not be boring and repetitive rather they wanted to start off their career with some creative work. Q2. What are the problems you are facing or you faced in the past in your job? Problems Responses Negative organisational culture 13% Pay rate and work hours 20% Lack of proper performance appraisal 24% Relation with the manger 15% Lack of motivation 18% Pscychological pressure 10% Table 2: problems faced by the employees Interpretation: The employees informed that they face the above problems in respect of their jobs. This interview was taken for the existing employees of an organization and also for the old employees of an organization. 24 % of the employees are of the opinion that there is lack of performance appraisal in the company. Hence there is no growth in this respect. 20 % have reported that they are not satisfied with the long working hours and the low pay rate. Especially the female employees are not comfortable with late working hours.18% of the employees are of the opinion that the company lacks motivation. The top management is very casual in his attitude hence the work is not done in time and the employees have to suffer from the excessive work load. 15 % said that the relationship of the employee with the employer is not cordial. They companies tend to follow autocratic style of leadership and the employers dont consult with the employees before taking any important decision. Hence they feel neglect ed. Rest of the employees said that they are facing problems like the job stress and the high job pressure due to which they tend to mix their personal life with the career. They are also suffering from various heath disorders. They also suggested that the internal culture of the company is not suitable enough to continue the work. Q 3. What would you like to change about the organization? On being asked what the employees would like to change about the organization they gave the following opinions. The mentioned the factors like the organizational culture, increase the pay scale and reduce the working hours. Some of them even commented that they want a change in the management structure. The human resource department should be more efficient. The management should recruit the employee with the correct qualification for the correct posts. Changes in the organisation Responses Organisation culture 22% Efficient HRM 14% Reduce working hours 16% Increase pay rates 20% Correct job specification 18% Reduce work pressure 10% Table 3: changes in the organization Interpretation The employees as suggestions suggested that the organizations should take care of the following issues so as to provide them with congenial working environment. Analysis of the answers given by the employers: The researcher interviewed 2 mangers of different companies to understand what in their opinion the reasons behind this problem are and what can be done to prevent it. Since the questionnaire thus prepared for the employers was a qualitative questionnaire hence the answers were recorded and then analyzed. Q1.What is the probable reasons behind the high rate of absenteeism and employee turnover? responses The first manger pointed out the reason of absenteeism is mainly the casual attitude of the worker, better opportunity in other companies. The second manger said that the reason is labour pool, and also added lack of organisational culture, seasonality employment; he also informed that at times the employee may not get the reasonable payment as per his performance. Table 5: reasons behind employee turnover Interpretation The first manger very rightly pointed out that the main reason behind absenteeism is the casual attitude of the employee towards his job. The researcher is of the opinion that the in some organization there are some employees who consistently breach the agreement which was made between the employer and the employee. They are least bothered about the rules of the company. The manger also said that employee turnover can occur in a positive way when the employees gets a better job opportunity with a higher pay then also the company suffers a human loss as well as a financial loss. The second manger pointed out that the majority of the recruit in the hospitality industry are either fresher with limited knowledge or unskilled workers who are using this job as a pastime hence the number of turnovers may be high in this case. The organization culture is also of concern. He also suggested that at times the seasonal employment factor increases the rate of employee turnover. The employee may n ot get the right amount of salary in respect to the job hence he may leave the job. What steps can you take to prevent this problem? Responses The first manger says that the recruitment system should be more efficient , he also mentions that the faulty employees should not be retained in the organisation The second manger says that the salary, incentives, other perks should be made attractive so that the employee doesnt switch over. Table 6: solutions to the problem Interpretation The mangers are certain about the fact the company should improve some of the pay scale structures especially in case of top level employees. The job should be made as attractive as possible to the employees so that they should give a second though before changing the job. 2.7 Findings of the study The research analysis has helped to find the problems in the organization. The major problems are the employee retention in terms of salary, performance etc the researcher was able to analyze the reasons behind employee turnover. The main reasons are the seasonality of the employment, lack of performance appraisal, the long working hours and also the inefficient recruitment. 2.8 Recommendations and conclusions (D3) The researcher after conducting the research work has reached certain conclusions and has also given certain recommendations .the researcher has suggested that the companies should review their HR policies. They should prepare a correct job specification to employ the correct talent for the correct job. The employers should change the organizational culture and make it comfortable for everyone. They should also reduce the working hours and should include certain entertainment quotient for the employees. This will reduce their boredom. Hence it can be conclude that the research project showcases the different reasons behind the high rate3 of absenteeism and employee turnover and it also points out the solutions that can be taken to solve the problem.

International Human Rights Law

Introduction In the past two decades, the International Human Rights Law (IHRL) has increased its emphasis on protecting all human rights for people to live a free, secure, and healthy life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Rights Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Rehman (2010), living a dignified life can only be achieved if all basic requirements of work, housing, food, education, and political democracy are sufficiently available to every person without discrimination. This paper argues about economic, social, and cultural rights, which are intertwined with civil and political rights under the mantle of the International Human Rights Law. The underlying claim is that if economic, social, and cultural rights are not met adequately, then the civil and political rights will neither be satisfied. However, the initial emphasis should be directed to establishing the economic, socia l, and cultural rights after which the political rights are met, thus the overall connection may lead to the realisation of all human rights. This paper agrees with the view that economic, social, and cultural human rights are highly crucial, as they form the basis under which civil and political human rights develop. In addition, a violation of the former is directly associated with the violation of the later. For instance, the denial of the right to good health, which is part of the social rights, is more critical than denying the right to vote, which is a political human right. While assessing this claim, this paper will describe the two sets of human rights. It will also show why it is necessary to protect the economic, social, and cultural rights in a bid to develop sustainable civil and political rights.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper will also examine whether the two sets of human rights are fundamentally different or they are indivisible. Background Historically, the idea of human rights developed within the political philosophy of Western Europe. Early philosophers such as John Lock believed that the government had the mandate to secure fundamental human rights morally and legally and failure led to the loss of its legitimacy (Hoover 2013). The civil and political rights preceded the origins of the economic, social, and cultural rights, and thus they are deemed as second-generation rights. Though the economic, social, and cultural rights are often referred as second to civil and political rights, they have been in existence for centuries only that they were highly marginalised until the 19th Century (Simmons 2009). The roots of economic, social, and cultural rights can be traced back to early centuries during the evolution of religious traditions. These religious traditions emphasised dignity and care for humanity by sharing wi th those who cannot cater for themselves. Furthermore, national and international laws had prior recognised most of the economic, social, and cultural rights before the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 (Baderin McCorquodale 2011). For instance, countries such as Costa Rica realised the right to education for all from the 1840s. Some European nations by the late 19th Century recognised various economic, social, and cultural rights like labour rights, the right to health, and social security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Human Rights Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic, social, and cultural rights are viewed as individual rights including social security, conditions in the workplace, personal life, cultural life, and access to basic facilities such as education, food, safe water, housing, and health (Ishay 2010). For instance, take a case of a family that is forcefully evicted from its house or a businessperson whose work is publicly looted. In this case, the individuals are affected and their condition worsened, thus hindering public justice. On the other hand, civil and political rights involve the right to vote, right to fair trial, equality, and freedom from discrimination among others as included in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Walzer Miller 2007). For a long time, civil and political rights have attracted more attention from both legal and non-legal interpreters as more important than economic, civil, and cultural rights. The opponents argue that the economic, social, and cultural rights are second-class rights, thus unjustifiable and they can be achieved gradually over time. This argument underrates human dignity since it does not recognise the real rights, and consequently it disapproves the importance of the civil and political rights. It is unrealistic for a starving individual to enjoy voting rights and o ne loses the motivation to vote if his/her basic rights cannot be prioritised. Relevance of the economic, social, and cultural rights These rights are designed to enhance the protection of individuals as full human beings, grounded on the idea that people have to enjoy rights, freedoms, and justice.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Living in a world where the majority of countries are yet to feed and provide safe drinking water adequately and most citizens still live below the poverty line, the need to redirect focus on the actualisation of economic, social, and cultural rights is broadly manifested. However, it is inevitable to honour, secure, and fulfil the actualisation of economic, social, and cultural rights by the state machinery after which it will be possible to realise stable civil and political rights (Hrubec 2010). Every example of violation of economic, social, and cultural rights demonstrates how human dignity is substantially dented as well as the civil and political rights. For example, contaminating water by both private and state-owned facilities and illegal disconnections are violations of the right to health and water, while poor conditions at work and long working hours are a violation of worker’s rights. Failure to provide education to all irrespective of gender, race, disability, o r religion violates education rights. Paid maternity leave and protection for the unemployed population violates the right to social security. When these rights are denied under whichever conditions, the dignity of humanity is compromised (Haas 2014). Thus, the logic of embracing civil and political rights loses its basis and it can only thrive when the economic, social, and cultural rights are prioritised. Consequently, the extent to which individuals enjoy economic, social, and cultural rights is reflected in the level of awareness towards protecting civil and political rights. For instance, in the US, the level of enjoyment of economic, social, and cultural rights corresponds to the enjoyment of civil and political rights and the aggregate is relatively higher as compared to other parts of the world. This scenario plays out due to the high level of literacy, health, social security, safe drinking water, and sanitation. Therefore, citizens are well informed about the political str uctures, public involvement, and justice. Citizens are motivated to further and protect these rights because through legislators and court systems, they can enjoy the economic, social, and cultural rights. Mahon (2008, p. 620) posit that the ‘gross violation of economic, social, and cultural rights has proved to be the major cause of civil conflicts and the reluctance to address these needs undermines any chances of recovering from conflicts’. For instance, denying employment, education, and housing based on gender, culture, race, or religion has always resulted in conflicts as the affected societies seek to alter the status quo by staging revolutions. Looking at the state of affairs in most African countries, constant conflicts persist. The economy of a country like Somalia has deteriorated due to the disputed allocation of resources. The housing condition in some regions in Brazil is very poor, thus leading to increased rate of crime and forced evictions during slum r ehabilitation. When these populations are unstable and their dignity is compromised, they cannot enjoy civil and political rights even if they are put in place (Smith, Baylis, Owens 2008). If civil and political rights cannot protect the entire community, then its relevance is lost. In addition, the denial of economic, social, and cultural rights can as well hinder the enjoyment of other rights. For example, it is usually difficult for illiterate people to find employment, participate in political activity, or even share their opinions. Even those who advance the civil political rights happen to be the few fortunate individuals who are educated, have good health, and want to enhance sustainable civil and political rights by first anchoring economic, social, and cultural rights for all. Tracing back to evaluate how the Human Rights Convention of 1948 emerged, one will be in a position to figure out what aspects orchestrated the development of the Universal Declaration of Human Right s in the same year. Being human was the criterion deemed essential for the entitlement of human rights and particularly individual rights formed the central tenet upon which the debate thrived. After achieving human dignity through embracing economic, social, and cultural rights, humans are guaranteed civil and political rights. These civil and political rights should ensure that they protect and enhance the economic, social, and political rights. Even though the civil and political rights debates seem to have been highly magnified in most states, it is evident that this strategy is used to realise the economic, social, and cultural rights. Even after the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the US continued to witness discrimination in the distribution of economic and social benefits. Following this marginalisation, civil and political movements started to emerge in the 1960s to press the government to provide socioeconomic justice equitably to all. By doing so, the civil an d political rights would ensure the enhancement and protection of economic, social, and cultural rights, which had previously existed, but marginalised by the state machinery (Duran 2011). This aspect implied that people would obtain the rights to vote and make public opinions. Just as it is today, the right to vote elevated people’s ability to make decisions that affected their welfare. In most developing countries, economic, social, and cultural rights do not only enhance individual’s dignity, but at some point, they are inevitable for survival (Darraj 2010. Without elaborate provision of basic material for human beings, such as food, education, water, and health, then civil and political rights are of no essence. From this analysis, it is generalisable that human needs and survival are reflected in the realisation of economic, social, and cultural rights. For humans to function as human beings they must enjoy the basic needs and if denied they will exist in abject p overty and eventually die as it is the case in many underdeveloped and developing countries. Even though the Universal Declaration of Human Rights claims that human rights are indivisible, in practice, there is still division between the two main categories because countries have priorities such as economic stability and social wellbeing (Clapham 2007). This aspect mostly applies to the developing countries, since elaborate civil and political rights lack good grounds to thrive. The enforcement of civil and political rights requires political force and when the legitimacy of these rights is questionable, the rationale for employing such force declines. When evaluating economic, social, and cultural rights, one realises that they are nearly natural rights and their applicability may not necessarily rely on political force. For instance, if an individual is denied food and safe water, s/he will die. Moral values of care and love for one another may motivate people to provide for the l ess privileged, whereas the same is not practical in the case of civil and political rights. Since not all economic, social, and cultural rights can be achieved through religious morals, political enforcement becomes necessary to enhance their realisation. This aspect leads this discussion to the question whether economic, social, and cultural rights are different or indivisible in application. Are these rights different or indivisible? Economic, social, cultural, civil, and political rights are indiscrete, interconnected, and mutualist as defined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Charter (Echo-Hawk 2013). This standpoint is highly disputed by individuals who share the ideas borrowed from the context of the Cold War. The past indicates that the economic, social, and cultural rights were highly distinct from the civil and political rights. The western bloc during the Cold War highly focused on civil and political rights while the Eastern bloc put more focus on economic, ci vil, and cultural rights. Under this context, the differences developed, but it was evident that none of these set of rights would meet human rights needs adequately as stated by the Convention of Human Rights. Apparently, such differences have been abandoned and the initial structure of the Universal Declaration thrives. This assertion holds because civil and political rights depend on the stability of the economic, social, and cultural rights. On the other hand, political rights help in enhancing and sustaining the economic, social, and cultural rights (Butler 2007). Through education, individuals will be in a position to make informed political decisions. In addition, most political debates such as political participation like voting greatly depend on an individual’s health, levels of enlightenment, and general welfare (Freedman 2004). The proponents of the claim that civil and political rights are more important argue that economic, social, and cultural rights are vague a nd ambiguous. This assertion holds in the sense that it is often hard to highlight a violation, the perpetrator, and the intervention criterion. For instance, what entails hunger, adequate housing, or social security are mere constructions of court systems to justify decisions on whether rights have been denied (Normand Zaidi 2008). They claim that the government should not be identified as the perpetrator because the human rights law restricts dependence on welfare or state dependency. While it remains important for the individuals to show efforts, the government has to ensure fair playing grounds and facilitate the attainment of individual goals. Even though not all economic, social, and cultural rights are substantially described in human rights protocols, a similar case is reflected in the civil and political rights. In addition, the fact that economic, social, and cultural rights are more expensive to initiate as compared to civil and political rights, it is unjustified to und errate their importance based on this aspect since it is the mandate of the government to plan and invest towards realising these rights (Goodhart 2013). Furthermore, civil and political rights need structures like well-managed prisons, election funds, and active court system among others. Conclusion The significance of the economic, social, and cultural rights cannot be underestimated. Poverty, disease, illiteracy, and discrimination lead to the majority of security threats and conflicts witnessed within and beyond borders, thus compromising the enhancement and sustainability of overall human rights particularly civil and political rights. Even in the most developed countries, it has been shown that gross violations persist and many people still live under situations that contribute to the violation of economic, social, and cultural rights that in turn hinder the enjoyment of civil and political rights. Even though the Universal Declaration of Human Rights condemn the denial of fun damental human rights, there still exist well-orchestrated ways of discrimination in the practice of economic, social, and cultural rights against some individuals and groups on unrealistic and unfortunate grounds. Consequently, as individuals refrain from categorising these rights and referring to them as social, economic, political, cultural, and civil rights, it should be noted that economic, social, and cultural rights form the backbone of any other rights. However, this assertion reaffirms that economic, social, and cultural rights are significant contributors to human dignity as opposed to civil and political rights. Reference List Baderin, M McCorquodale, R 2011, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in  Action, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Butler, K 2011, A Critical Humanitarian Intervention Approach, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills. Clapham, A 2007, Human Rights: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford UP, Oxford. Darraj, S 2010, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Ch elsea House Publishers, New York. Duran, C 2011, ‘Civil society organisations contribution to the universal declaration on the human right to peace’, International Journal on World Peace, vol.28, no. 4, pp. 59-68. Echo-Hawk, W 2013, In the Light of Justice: The Rise of Human Rights in Native  America and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Fulcrum Publishing, Colorado. Freedman, R 2004, The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the  Struggle for Equal Rights, Clarion Books, New York. Goodhart, M 2013, Human Rights: Politics and Practice, Oxford UP, Oxford. Haas, M 2014, International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction,  Routledge, New York. Hoover, J 2013, ‘Rereading the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Plurality and Contestation, Not Consensus’, Journal of Human Rights, vol.4, no.12, pp. 217–241. Hrubec, M 2010, ‘The Global Struggle for Human Rights: A Dialogue among Cultures’, Persp ectives on Global Development and Technology, vol.9, no.1, pp. 39-60. Ishay, M 2010, ‘The Universal Declaration of Human Rights at 60: A Bridge to Which Future’, Perspectives on Global Development Technology, vol.9, no.1, pp. 11-17. Mahon, C 2008, ‘Progress at the Front: The Draft Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, Human Rights Law  Review, vol.8, no.4. pp. 617-646. Normand, R Zaidi, S 2008, Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of  Universal Justice, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Rehman, J 2010, International Human Rights Law, Longman/Pearson, Harlow. Simmons, B 2009, Mobilising for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic  Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Smith, S, Baylis, J Owens, P 2008, Globalisation of World Politics:  an Introduction to International Relations, Routledge, New York. Walzer, M Miller, D 2007, Thinking Politically: Essays in Political Theory, Yale University Press, New Haven. This essay on International Human Rights Law was written and submitted by user Lindsey Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Berkelium Element Facts - Atomic Number 97 or Bk

Berkelium Element Facts - Atomic Number 97 or Bk Berkelium is one of the radioactive synthetic elements made in the cyclotron at Berkeley, California and the one that honors the work of this lab by bearing its name. It was the fifth transuranium element discovered (following neptunium, plutonium, curium, and americium). Heres a collection of facts about element 97 or Bk, including its history and properties: Element Name Berkelium Atomic Number 97 Element Symbol Bk Atomic Weight 247.0703 Berkelium Discovery Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., and Albert Ghiorso produced berkelium in December, 1949 at the University of California, Berkeley (United States). The scientists bombarded americium-241 with alpha particles in a cyclotron to yield berkelium-243 and two free neutrons. Berkelium Properties Such a small quantity of this element has been produced that very little is known about its properties. Most of the available information is based on predicted properties, based on the elements location on the periodic table. It is a paramagnetic metal and has one of the lowest bulk modulus  values of the actinides. Bk3 ions are fluorescent at 652 nanometers (red) and 742 nanometers (deep red). Under ordinary conditions, berkelium metal assumes hexagonal symmetry, transforming to a face-centered cubic structure under pressure at room temperature, and an orthorhombic structure upon compression to 25 GPa. Electron Configuration [Rn] 5f9  7s2 Element Classification Berkelium is a member of the actinide element group or transuranium element series. Berkelium Name Origin Berkelium is pronounced as  BURK-lee-em. The element is named after Berkeley, California, where it was discovered. The element californium is also named for this lab. Density 13.25 g/cc Appearance Berkelium has a traditional shiny, metallic appearance. It is a soft, radioactive solid at room temperature. Melting Point The melting point of berkelium metal is  986  Ã‚ °C. This value is below that of neighbor element curium  (1340  Ã‚ °C), but higher than that of californium  (900  Ã‚ °C). Isotopes All of the isotopes of berkelium are radioactive. Berkelium-243 was the first isotope to be produced. The most stable isotope is berkelium-247, which has a half-life of 1380 years, eventually decaying into americium-243 via alpha decay. About 20 isotopes of berkelium are known. Pauling Negativity Number 1.3 First Ionizing Energy The first ionizing energy is predicted to be about 600 kJ/mol. Oxidation States The most common oxidation states of berkelium are 4 and 3. Berkelium Compounds Berkelium chloride (BkCl3) was the first Bk compound produced in sufficient quantity to be visible. The compound was synthesized in 1962 and weighed approximately 3 billionths of a gram. Other compounds which have been produced and studied using x-ray diffraction include berkelium oxychloride, berkelium fluoride (BkF3), berkelium dioxide (BkO2), and berkelium trioxide (BkO3). Berkelium Uses Since so little berkelium has ever been produced, there are no known uses of the element at this time aside from scientific research. Most of this research goes toward synthesis of heavier elements. A 22-milligram sample of berkelium was synthesized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and was used to make element 117 for the first time, by bombarding the berkelium-249 with calcium-48 ions at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia. The element does not occur naturally, so additional samples must be produced in a lab. Since 1967, just over 1 gram of berkelium has been produced, in total! Berkelium Toxicity The toxicity of berkelium has not been well-studied, but its safe to assume it presents a health hazard if ingested or inhaled, due to its radioactivity. Berkelium-249 emits low-energy electrons and is reasonably safe to handle. It decays in alpha-emitting californium-249, which remains relatively safe for handling, but does result in free-radical production and self-heating of the sample. Berkelium Fast Facts Element Name: BerkeliumElement Symbol: BkAtomic Number: 97Appearance: Silvery metalElement Category: ActinideDiscovery: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (1949) Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Peterson, J. R.; Fahey, J. A.; Baybarz, R. D. (1971). The crystal structures and lattice parameters of berkelium metal. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 33 (10): 3345–51. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(71)80656-5Thompson, S.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. (1950). The New Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97). Physical Review. 80 (5): 781. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.80.781Thompson, Stanley G.; Seaborg, Glenn T. (1950). Chemical Properties of Berkelium. OSTI Technical Report doi:10.2172/932812

Abolishing the Death Penalty Essay

possibility of the death penalty of the murderer. Simply because I find the â€Å"death penalty method† inhumane and ridiculous. It is as if you are punishing the murderer by murdering him. It is completely hypocritical when you are trying to â€Å"serve justice† by killing someone who killed someone else. â€Å"We kill people who kill people because killing people is wrong† (Pinterest). This quote is an exact representation of my hatred towards the death penalty. I find that abolishing the death penalty will not only†¦ Abolish the Death Penalty In the article â€Å"The Death Penalty Deserves the Death Penalty,† by Lincoln Caplan, Caplan is explaining his side on the death penalty. Caplan goes on to discuss different cases specifically Glossip V. Gross which is a case in Oklahoma with death-row inmates that are opposed to the three drug protocol chosen by the state to execute death sentences. Caplan supports his opinion with another case back in 2010, with Jeffrey Landrigan who was scheduled for execution after being†¦ Abolishing the Death Penalty From the beginning of time the world has known conflict. It is human nature to know and to have conflict. It would be a fallacy to say that conflict will ever go away. It is a natural instinct for people to pick sides on an issue and it would be a miracle, but more realistically a lie, if everyone were to pick the same side on an issue. Throughout the years there have been several topics that start an uproar amongst the people. These topics are very controversial and†¦ Code established punishment for crimes including the death penalty. The code contained 25 death penalty crimes. Murder was not one of them. The first death penalty sentence recorded occurred in Egypt during the 16th century BC. The â€Å"Draconian Code of Athens† in the 7th century BC, made every crime punishable by death. This is where the meaning of the word draconian is derived. The â€Å"Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets† codified the death penalty in the 5th century BC. Mosaic Law has an interesting†¦ abolish the death penalty in the United States or keep the punishment everyone has used for decades. In that case, we should also get rid of the internet and cell phones and go back to the pony express. Society itself is changing, why not our laws change too, because people are afraid of change that is why. We should not kill a man for his wrongdoing; we shall make him suffer in an 8x10 cell with minimum lighting for the rest of his life. According to Michael H. Reggio, the death penalty usage goes†¦ In this chapter Stephen Nathanson discusses the symbolism of abolishing the death penalty, and claims that we express a respect for each person’s rights by refraining from depriving a murder of someone’s life. The death penalty has been an argument for decades now and still discussed if someone actually does deserve the death penalty. Stephen explains his view towards this claim, and identifies how this moral problem could be resolved. There are ways you could solve this problem but resolving claims†¦ The first topic that the author present is the history of the abolitionist movement and it progresses. The author stated that the move toward abolishing the death penalty had a liberal, utilitarian, and humanistic connection. Moreover, these changes began in the Enlightenment era in Europe: Cesare Beccaria was the one that opposed toward the death penalty: He declared that it was inhumane and ineffective to use capital punishment on humans and it conflicted with moral laws. Furthermore, Cesare’s†¦ Keeping Death In 2003, a woman, Anne Rossi, whose husband, Barry Rossi, his business partner Robert Stears, and employee Lorne Stevens were brutally murdered. In 2007, a testimony was made by Anne Rossi to revise a new bill regarding the death penalty. She describes the horrific event, â€Å"All three of them were asked to lie on the dirty garage floor where they worked, they were asked to put their hands over their heads before they were all shot multiple times. All of them killed in a premeditated execution†¦ Abolishing the Death Penalty has been an enormous argument in our society. The main question that everyone debates about all throughout the world, is whether the penalty should be abolished or not. To me honestly, of course the Death Penalty should be banned from all states. I do not support it by any means, mainly because it goes against my religious beliefs. It’s not only cruel, but it also violates our human rights and is more expensive than people may think. Taxpayers spend so much money on the†¦ Abolishing the Death Penalty The use of the death penalty in the U.S.A has become a big topic in the US Government. There has been controversy over the death penalty and whether or not it is being used with justice. The death penalty is a topic that not everyone will ever agree one way or another. People need punishments for their actions but is the death penalty the right way to go. One topic the government needs to look at when talking about the death penalty is if the eight amendment is†¦

The Scarlet Letter (1995) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Scarlet Letter (1995) - Movie Review Example In it, Hawthorne describes the Puritan society and the cultural aspects defining it. In addition, he expounds on the role cultural expectations play in an individual’s life by focusing on the character Hester Prynne. Hester was a young married woman who had an affair with a local Rev. Dimmesdale when she feared her husband dead, which resulted in the birth of a child, Pearl. On her re-entry into society with her child in her arms, other society members met her with looks of disapproval. Her refusal to name her adulterous partner resulted in her future humiliation. The novel revolves around Hester’s life and her path to self-discovery after condemnation and ex-communication from the society. She strived to exhale, provide a life for her daughter and reclaim her dignity (Hawthorne 40). The Puritan society, a sect that emerged from the Protestant Christians advocated for its members to live a pure life free from sin. They shunned secular practices in their society; for example, adultery, stealing among other secular practices. However, they did not stress on some practices highly regarded by Protestant Christians; for example, mandatory attendance of church regularly. The Puritan culture defines people’s identity setting expectations for them. These expectations provide guidance on how people handle the prevailing societal issues. Hawthorne defines the Puritan society as a patriarchal society. Meaning, this society valued men more than it valued women. The society’s view of women was, therefore, discriminatory in nature especially because it ascribed two basic roles to them. They include; role of a mother and role of a wife. When playing the role of a mother, women cared for their children, nurturing them while socializing them to the Puritan culture. Moreover, when playing the role of a wife, the society expected women to remain submissive and faithful to their husbands. Societal values also expected them to procreate; providing heirs for their husbands. These heirs ensured the continuation of their family legacy. These two roles defined the society’s expectations of women and guided their behavior. Women were to remain silent unless the society needed them to speak. The irony in this is baffling (Hawthorne 70). Just like modern, contemporary, real societies, societal expectation

Evaluate one organisation's approach to sustainability measurement Essay

Evaluate one organisation's approach to sustainability measurement - Essay Example The company is the leader in the grocery markets in UK and has also established itself as the leading grocery and retail merchandiser across several parts of the world. Tesco is the fifteenth largest company among all the companies in the world and is listed in the London stock Exchange. The company is also included in the list of FTSE 100 companies in the UK market. Tesco runs its operations through the supermarket chains, departmental stores, cash and carry outlets and warehouses. Apart from the grocery items, Tesco also offers its customers with the electronic products, computer software, books, furniture, music CDs and DVDs, other items of merchandise, etc. The increase in the supermarket chain and departmental stores with the increase in retail merchandizing activities of Tesco have seen the number of stores of the company grow from 500 stores in 1990 to more than 2500 stores in the next two decades. The company employs around 5.5 lakhs employees in the areas of operation and cu stomer service. The company pays due attention to the sustainability of the leadership position that it has attained over the years. The actions of sustainability measurement have helped the company to retain its position and brand image in the market (Tesco, 2013, p.1). This has paved the path of sustainable growth of Tesco as a multinational company in the world. Environmental and social risks The direct and indirect environmental and social risks for Tesco have been explained as follows. In order to identify and analyse the environmental and social risk exposures of the company, the industry risk as well as the company specific risk should be taken into account. The retail market and industry has undergone a shift to the low demand of the consumers due to the macro-economic fluctuations and events of recession. Tesco faces the risk exposure related to the compliance and regulations for the retail market chains on activities that would lead to environmental pollution, disposal of wastes, etc. The social risks are also involved in the operations of Tesco due to probable negative impacts on the environment and society due to the disposal of wastes in the operations of the company. The social risk forms a major part of the risk exposures in the operations of Tesco as the perception of the society to the operation of the company indirectly affects the sale and revenue earnings of Tesco. The operations of Tesco lead to the perception of brand image of the company. Any impression of loss of faith among the members of the society and the consumers has significant impact in the international operations of the company (Epstein, 2008, p.46). The discrepancies in the operations of the company not only expose the company to environmental and social risk but also increase the risk of value chain system in the company. The financial risk exposures of the company originate from the volatility of the stocks in the retail industry. The volatility of the index leads to the fl uctuation of stock prices of Tesco. This would expose the company to risk of degradation of the valuation of the company. Financial risks related to the company may arise due to the discrepancy in financial reporting of the company. The deviation from the guideline in the financial reporti

Analysis of Major Characters in Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Major Characters in Great Expectations Essay Pip is the main character of this story. The whole plot of the novel revolves around him and his metamorphosis into an adult from an immature adolescent.  1. Immature: pip was highly immature. This characteristic in him can be clearly seen in pg 59 where he says but when she was gone, I looked about me for a place to hide my face in and got behind one of the gates in the brewery lane and leaned my sleeve angst the wall there, and leaned my forehead on it and cried. As I cried, I kicked the wall and took a hard twist at my hair; so bitter were my feelings so sharp were the smart without a name that needed counteraction. Pip cries so much, suddenly begins to have such a low self esteem, why? Just because a girl came and commented that he had coarse hands, wore thick boots and called the knaves Jack. Instead of standing up for himself, pip simply cries. This goes to show how immature pip was.  Pips immaturity is also seen in his romantic idealism. Ever since his first meeting with beautiful Estella, he always thought of her in page 101 he says, often after dark, when I was pulling the bellows for Joe, and we were singing Old Clem, and the thought how we used to sing at Miss Haveshams would seem to show me Estellas face in the fire, with her pretty hair fluttering in the wind and her face scorning at me. Often at such a time I would look towards those panels of black night in the wall which the wooden windows then were, and would fancy that I saw her drawing her face away and would believe that she had come at last. In spite of Estella being so insulting he instantly falls for her, rather for her loo ks. This again shows the immaturity in pip. 2. Generous and sympathetic: pip was generous and sympathetic, a fact that can be seen in his numerous acts of kindness throughout the novel. In page ___ he sympathizes with Magwitch and helps him escape. A small boy going out of his way to help a wretched convict! This goes to show how sympathetic pip was.  Not just sympathetic, pip was large at heart. He was generous. This can be witnessed in page _____ where he secretly buys Herberts way into business. The third example to show that pip was generous is in page 137where he says, as I passed the church I felt a sublime compassion for the poor creatures who were destined to go there, Sunday after Sunday, all their lives thru and to lie obscurely at last among the low green mounds. I promised myself that I would do something for them one of these days and formed a plan in outline for bestowing a dinner of roast beef and plum pudding, a pint of ale and a gallon of condescension upon everybody in the village. 3. Had a great desire for self-improvement: pip always wanted to better himself, better his condition and better his status. This trait in him can be witnessed in page 66 where he tells Joe, and that there had been a beautiful young lady at miss Haveshams who was dreadfully proud and that she had said I was common, and that I wished I was not common, and that the lies had come of it somehow, though I didnt know how. Moreover his deep desire to improve in life, to be Uncommon is also seen in page 68 where he goes to one of his relatives, Biddy to get educated from her. He says, when I woke up the best step I could take towards making myself uncommon was to get out of Biddy everything she knew.  In page 164 he asks Herbert to correct his mannerisms if he found them un-gentlemanly. He says, I further mentioned that as I had been brought up a blacksmith in a country place, and knew very little of the ways of politeness, I would take it is a great kindness in him i.e. Herbert if he would give me a hint when ever he saw me going at a loss or going wrong.

Dr. Martin Luther King Essay -- essays research papers

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With his constant pursuit for civil rights, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped bridge the gap between races during the 1960Õs. (It was) His unique approach of using nonviolent protests (to) helped create an awareness of the inequalities the African Americans had to endure during this time period. In 1963, King went to Birmingham, Alabama to engage in a nonviolent protest (there), yet before he could perform the (protest à  use synonym such as rally or something) he was arrested. While King was in the prison he wrote Letter from a Birmingham Prison. By reading this letter one can easily see that aside from being ahehe civil rights crusader, King was also an incredibly intelligent and articulate man. In the letter he brought up each issue he felt needed to be addressed and used solid evidence to defend his case on every issue. Even though the letter contains many different strong points, his two strongest arguments he makes are explaining why he was in Birmingh am and the defending of his Ã’untimelyÓ actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (change sentence doesnÕt flow)The first issue King addresses is the claim he was nothing more than an Ã’outside agitatorÓ. He says that he can not be considered an outsider anywhere within the boundaries of the America. Moreover, He explains that he had a business tie in Alabama and had promised them he would 1 engage in a nonviolent protest. He feels that a injustice anywhere is... Dr. Martin Luther King Essay -- essays research papers Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With his constant pursuit for civil rights, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped bridge the gap between races during the 1960Õs. (It was) His unique approach of using nonviolent protests (to) helped create an awareness of the inequalities the African Americans had to endure during this time period. In 1963, King went to Birmingham, Alabama to engage in a nonviolent protest (there), yet before he could perform the (protest à  use synonym such as rally or something) he was arrested. While King was in the prison he wrote Letter from a Birmingham Prison. By reading this letter one can easily see that aside from being ahehe civil rights crusader, King was also an incredibly intelligent and articulate man. In the letter he brought up each issue he felt needed to be addressed and used solid evidence to defend his case on every issue. Even though the letter contains many different strong points, his two strongest arguments he makes are explaining why he was in Birmingh am and the defending of his Ã’untimelyÓ actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (change sentence doesnÕt flow)The first issue King addresses is the claim he was nothing more than an Ã’outside agitatorÓ. He says that he can not be considered an outsider anywhere within the boundaries of the America. Moreover, He explains that he had a business tie in Alabama and had promised them he would 1 engage in a nonviolent protest. He feels that a injustice anywhere is...

Human growth and development-Conception to Birth Essay

Conception This is the very first stage of the making of a human baby which is known as conception. This is when the sex cell or (gamete) from the males sperm and a gamete from the woman’s ovum or egg cell join to form the embryo.Conception can only occur during ovulation, which happens about the middle of the month between menstrual periods. The human baby’s life begins as a single cell which is formed when the sperm and egg cell join and the egg becomes fertilised, creating life. The fertilised egg (zygote) divides into two and continues to do so rapidly, at this stage some cells form the embryo and some of the placenta. These cells now resemble a mulberry, are called morulla and take about 4 days to travel along the fallopian tube and into the uterus. This point it is called a blastocyst. The blastocyst now gets attached to the uterus wall by tiny projections called villi. Once it attached to the uterus it connects to the blood stream, so it is able to absorb oxygen and essential nutrients for fast growth. Around 10 to 14 days after conception the baby is called an embryo. After conception and the embryo is formed development of it begins into a full term foetus. The 3 stages of development are known as trimesters. First trimester ‘Week 3(embryonic stage) – first period missed. Foundation of the brain and nervous system is laid down Amnion sac is formed around the embryo, which floats in a liquid (the amniotic fluid). The placenta is formed, which lies against the uterus wall and acts as the liver, lungs and kidneys for the embryo and the foetus. The placenta is connected to the embryo’s circulatory system by the umbilical cord. Nutrients pass through to the embryo and digestive waste products and CO2 pass from the baby to the mother.’(Btec national early years, Penny tassoni) Week 4 – the neural tube closes( if this does not close spina bifida occurs)The embryo is around 6.4mm in length Week 5 – the baby’s heart be can be detected and the embryo is now the same size as a small seed. Week 8 – the embryo is about 8mm long, and has developed the startle reflex. The formation of the eyes, ears, organs and limb buds is at a rudimentary stage. Foetal stage (week 12) – the baby is now called a foetus and all its body parts have grown they just need to be refined. The foetus can swallow, roll, somersault and has also developed the sucking reflex. The foetus organs are functioning it measures about 7.5cm and has downy hair and fingernails. Second trimester Week 15 – the foetus hears its first sounds Week 16- the genitals of the foetus have formed. From this stage the sex of the baby can be determined all though difficult. A greasy wax substance covers the baby’s skin, this is called vernix. Week 20- the baby weighs around 460g and babies born at this stage have a very low chance of survival. Week 22- baby can dream and feel emotions. It develops reflex to root and grasp, their bones harden and their body grows. Week 24- if born at this stage has a reasonable chance of survival with intensive care as lungs are not yet fully developed. The eyes open for the first time. Week 27- is very active e.g. kicking and moving around, and weighs around 500g and is 33cms long. Third trimester Weeks 28-32- the foetus rapidly grows to about 1700g and is about 35cm long. Developing brain able to process information more and respond to it, like recognising voices especially the mothers. Starts to develop waking and sleeping rhythm. Weeks 33-36 – foetus continues to grow and gains bout 280g a week! Brain develops rapidly and head grows more to allow this. Fine hair covering body disappears. The foetus can now swallow, make breathing movements and urinate. Glycogen forms in liver for energy during birth and soon afterwards. Also the head engages in the pelvis for 1st pregnancies otherwise may not be until labour. Weeks 37-40- amount of amniotic fluid reduces and foetus grows to fill amniotic sac. Foetus is about 3kg and its head is lying down. Birth may take place between weeks 38 and 42. Now that the baby is born, some dramatic changes will take place in all areas of their growth and development, during its first year of life. Below is a month by month guide to how babies grow and develop up until the age of 1 year. 0-1 months- babies express emotion mainly by crying, grimacing, or displaying a bright and alert face. Babies are very open to learning at around 3 to 6 weeks they develop different crying sounds for different needs e.g. hunger. Babies have reflexes which help them to survive and as they start to fade their movements become more deliberate and controlled. E.g. the walking reflex disappears after the first few weeks and they learn to walk at around 12 months. It is important to interact with babies as they gain a lot from it, especially with their family or carers. 1 month- most babies lift their heads, respond to sounds, and stare at faces. Some babies may also be able to; follow objects, ohh and ahh, and can see black and white patterns. Their arms are very active and constantly moving although they do not have much control over them. At this age babies start to recognise their carers face and voice and they become settled if they hear, smell, feel or see their parent or carer. Between now and 2 months of age babies communicate by cooing and use of gestures, this shows their skill to â€Å"take turns† in conversation. 2 months – at this age babies are on their way to realising that they and their carer are separate beings. Babies can hold up head for short periods and they will also follow objects. Babies show a variety of emotions (e.g. hunger) via their facial expressions, arm, leg and finger movements. 3 months- Babies can hold their head up and may roll over when placed on tummy and they will also begin to wave and kick their arms as their muscles are strengthening. Babies will watch their own hands, will press them together and clasp hands together in finger play. They begin to eat and sleep more regularly, respond to voices, smile at faces become more alert and look around for longer, cry and vocalize more. 4 months- at this age babies can hold their head up and put weight on their legs as muscles strengthen. Around now babies develop vowel sounds and then their first consonants sounds are heard, which are learnt through self exploration (this is also know as babbling and usually occurs when babies are alone). Babies at 4 months begin to develop their self image which helps them over the coming months discover the kind of person they are as well as what they can do. 5 months- babies can distinguish between bold colours, roll over, and amuse themselves by playing with hands and feet. They enjoy listening to music, looking at speaker’s lips and mouth to show that they enjoy listening to speech. Babies will show a clear preference for a loved one. Their primitive squeeze appears but their hand movement is uncontrolled therefore finds it difficult to let go of objects. Also they enjoy practising dropping and throwing e.g. toys. 6 months- up until now babies gain an average of 0.5oz (14.2g) to 1oz (28.4g) every day! The babies coo and smiling now proceeds to babbling and chuckling. Between now and 10 months babies will babble (add on consonants and make strings of sound e.g. dah dah dah). Babies’ opportunity to play increases, especially when encouraged by an interested adult. Encouragement to interact and play promotes positive self image. By now most babies have learned all the basic and distinct sounds of their native language. Babies of this age will also: reach out for things and grasp them, sleep in a favourite position, get their first teeth, laugh and squeal, shows pleasure and displeasure through sounds, looks carefully at things they see, recognises carer best may be afraid of others. 7 months- they can sit without support, reach for objects with a sweeping motion and imitate speech sounds. Babies of this age are aware of their emotions or feelings and start to realise that others have emotional responses linked to their interactions; they also begin to develop their understanding that they exist separate to others. 8 months- babies of this age can say â€Å"dada† and â€Å"mama† to both parents (they aren’t specific), begin to crawl and pass objects from hand to hand. Words begin to have some meaning and they form a clear image that those around them are important. 9 months- babies learn hand eye co-ordination to pick up small objects. They handle objects with enthusiasm e.g. passing from one hand to the other. Develops early pincer grip. Babies of this age should be able to combine syllables into word like sounds, stand while holding onto something, sit unsupported for up to a minute, imitate sounds, watch others, feed self, hold bottle, be shy with strangers, smile at own face, and respond to own name. Babies communication becomes increasingly intentional, they may show object as a way to communicate which paves the way for pointing. They begin to understand familiar names of people and objects, and babbling is in longer strings (â€Å"bababa mamama†) 10 months- babies begin to respond to simple commands such as â€Å"up you come†. They are able to wave goodbye, pick things up with developed pincer grasp, crawl well, and cruise. Babies of this age can tell the difference between their own regional accent and foreign ones, and understands her name. 11 months- can say â€Å"dada† and â€Å"mama† to the right parent (is specific), plays patty-cake, stands alone for a couple of seconds, can climb upstairs, can scribble with crayons. At this age babies will begin to speak in â€Å"gibberish† while making a few clear sounds. It is at this age that social skills advance. Imitation also starts, where they love to copy but they learn through doing so. 12 months- at this age babies become more capable of doing things themselves, being independent and more open to things around them. They pick up small objects e.g. crumbs with a confident pincer grip; they use both hands freely but may show preference for one. Children are now aware of themselves as people in their own right. Sometimes this is shown in negative ways of strong will e.g. throwing a tantrum to get required attention. Their first words are linked to familiar things e.g. ‘daddy’, ‘car’. Babies will begin to imitate others activities, jabber word like sounds, indicate wants with gestures. The birth weight will have tripled by this age, and most will have grown a total of around 10 inches in length since birth. Most babies are able to: sit steady for 10 minutes, pull self to a standing position, crawl on hands and knees, understand â€Å"no no†, says two words, become more confident with strangers, show emotions e.g. affection, likes to be with adults, cooperates in dressing, and turns pages in books. First single words are spoken in a child’s version e.g. â€Å"du† for duck. Will understand names of people and objects in a normal context. Will begin to shake head for â€Å"no† and try to â€Å"sing† to music.

Eras of Policing

There are three specific periods of policing that the 19th and 20th centuries embraced: political era, reform era, and community era. During the political era (1840s-1930s) the functions of law enforcement were controlled by the local politicians. This era was characterized by five points–authority was coming only from politicians and the law, it was a very broad social service function, the organizational design was decentralized, law enforcement had a very intimate relationship with the community, and there was an increased usage of foot patrol.Authority from politicians posed a problem during this time. Since most of the power was given to politicians the selection of good law enforcement was not a priority. During this era law enforcement wore no type of uniform which made it difficult for citizens to recognize an officer when one was needed. The reform era (1930s-1980s) was the second era in law enforcement. The characteristics of this era recognized the authority coming from the law and professionalism.Crime control became the primary function which made for a more centralized, efficient organization. It also provided the community with a more professional agency that used preventive patrol measures and a more rapid response to crime. During this time a managed hierarchical pyramid of control was established for police officers. When specific problems rose law enforcement created special units to take care of these issues instead of using patrol officers. The third era of law enforcement is the community era (1980s-present).This era is characterized by the authority coming from the support of the community, law, and professionalism. A broad range of services provided a better hold on crime control in the community. Having a decentralized organization gave more authority to patrol officers and let them become more intimate with their community relationships. This era also increased the use of foot patrols and an increased knowledge of problem-solvin g. Law enforcement became more concerned over citizen satisfaction.

Free Essays on Hair

Response to Hair I think Marcia Aldrich’s essay â€Å"Hair† is an interesting interpretation of the different personalities she encounters in her life. She bases her story around her mother’s obsession with her hairstyle. She makes sure to point out that her mother’s weekly appointment to get her hair done is a ritual. I think this is a good representation of the life her mother leads. Maybe since she got married she feels like she doesn’t have control over much anymore and has taken a more submissive position as â€Å"wife.† Therefore she feels that she needs to control the things she can have control over. That’s why she religiously does her own hair and also feels the need to control Marcia’s hair. The oldest sister seems like she is very laid back. She makes the statement, â€Å"it’s immature to never stop thinking about your hair.† I think this is a good indication that her sister feels comfortable with herself and doesn’t worry about looks or needing to have control in her life. It’s ironic because she makes this statement towards her mother. Perhaps this shows the change in women’s attitudes and roles over time. The middle sister shows a less secure side than that of her older sister. She is constantly changing her look. Maybe this is because she was the middle child and she feels like it will help her get more attention and standout from the other two. Marcia is the one who seems to stick out the most of all the women. She never really takes a stand on how she feels about hairstyles. Therefore it is interesting to see how she reacts to the different positions her sisters and mother take on the issue. It isn’t until the end when she meets Rhonda that you see her start to realize that hair doesn’t make the person. You will always be the same person no matter what your hairstyle looks like and I think this is a good point to end the essay with.... Free Essays on Hair Free Essays on Hair Response to Hair I think Marcia Aldrich’s essay â€Å"Hair† is an interesting interpretation of the different personalities she encounters in her life. She bases her story around her mother’s obsession with her hairstyle. She makes sure to point out that her mother’s weekly appointment to get her hair done is a ritual. I think this is a good representation of the life her mother leads. Maybe since she got married she feels like she doesn’t have control over much anymore and has taken a more submissive position as â€Å"wife.† Therefore she feels that she needs to control the things she can have control over. That’s why she religiously does her own hair and also feels the need to control Marcia’s hair. The oldest sister seems like she is very laid back. She makes the statement, â€Å"it’s immature to never stop thinking about your hair.† I think this is a good indication that her sister feels comfortable with herself and doesn’t worry about looks or needing to have control in her life. It’s ironic because she makes this statement towards her mother. Perhaps this shows the change in women’s attitudes and roles over time. The middle sister shows a less secure side than that of her older sister. She is constantly changing her look. Maybe this is because she was the middle child and she feels like it will help her get more attention and standout from the other two. Marcia is the one who seems to stick out the most of all the women. She never really takes a stand on how she feels about hairstyles. Therefore it is interesting to see how she reacts to the different positions her sisters and mother take on the issue. It isn’t until the end when she meets Rhonda that you see her start to realize that hair doesn’t make the person. You will always be the same person no matter what your hairstyle looks like and I think this is a good point to end the essay with....

Sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Sovereignty - Essay Example se to examine if one is paying attention in issues like the altering nature of limitations and the potential of constructing following communities further than sovereignty (Waltz, 2003, pp. 10-12). This research focused on this truth that certainly; it is hard to believe that anybody ever asserted the "statecentric" sight of international politics that is today so intentionally rejected by those who look for to emphasize the role of "the novel international actors (Paul Piccone, 2001, 174-184)." What was extensively asserted concerning European international family members from the time of Vattel in the mid-eighteenth century awaiting the finish of the First World War was the lawful fiction of a political cosmos that consisted of states unaccompanied, the policy that only states had human rights and duties in international law. Both following leaders and academics often maintain outstanding times. But what does it mean to converse of outstanding politics in international relations? In one intelligence exceptionality is a evocative category referring to a fundamental alter in the systemic circumstances of international politics. Furthermore, inside this piece of writing a different idea of exemption is examined. It refers to an exacting method of conceptualizing the natural world of international following order (Jens Bartelson, 2003, pp. 209-227). Therefore, the exemption defines political arrange by income of constitutional-legal way of thinking in which dissimilar understandings of the natural world and rank of international law and its following transgressions explain competing visions of international following order. The focal tip of this international politics of exemption is not the customary distinction flanked by liberal and practical human being views of international politics but the constitutio nalist harmony of normativism, decisionism, and institutionalism. In one sense the notion of exception is a evocative group referring to a fundamental change

Basic elements in behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Basic elements in behavior - Essay Example Neurons are regarded as the fundamental elements of human behavior. Neurons or nerve cells are the basic elements of the nervous system (Feldman, 55). The basic structure of neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus in the center that controls the entire nerve cell; About one trillion neurons are held together by glial cells present within each cell; these are also responsible for nourishing the neurons. At one end, a neuron has fiber like structures called the dendrites and at the other end it has a long tube like structure called axon with a small bulb like ending called terminal buttons. The former function as receptors of messages and the latter is responsible for transmitting the messages to dendrites of the next neuron. The entire neuron is insulated with specialized fat and protein cells called the myelin sheath. Neurons are capable of communicating with other cells and transmitting information across very long distances. The length of dendrites and axons also vary from fe w millimeters to 3 feet (Feldman, 2008). With this simple structure, neurons play complex roles in the human body and help in functioning of the brain; in turn they control the functioning of human body to internal as well as external stimuli. The basic process involves transmission of electrical messages from one neuron to the next until the message reaches the target organ. This transmission happens in the form of synapse, which is the signal transmitted through neurotransmitters, chemical substances discharged by the terminal buttons of axons. Sometimes signals may be transmitted even without the neurotransmitters required to bridge the gap. These neurotransmitters interact with the dendrites, thereby activating or constraining the subsequent neurons; this process is referred to as firing or graded potential (Wittig, 2000). Although more than 50 types of neurotransmitters have been found, some of the important ones include endorphins responsible for pain